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Role of tRNA-Derived Fragments in Neurological Disorders: a Review
AbstracttRFs are small tRNA derived fragments that are emerging as novel therapeutic targets and regulatory molecules in the pathophysiology of various neurological disorders. These are derived from precursor or mature tRNA, forming different subtypes that have been reported to be involved in neurological disorders like stroke, Alzheimer ’s, epilepsy, Parkinson’s, MELAS, autism, and Huntington’s disorder. tRFs were earlier believed to be random degradation debris of tRNAs. The significant variation in the expression level of tRFs in disease conditions indicates their salient role as key players in regulation of these...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - January 19, 2023 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

The Key Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Detection of Neurodegenerative Diseases-Associated Biomarkers: A Review
AbstractNeurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including chronic disease such as Alzheimer ’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and multiple sclerosis, and acute diseases like traumatic brain injury and ischemic stroke are characterized by progressive degeneration, brain tissue damage and loss of neurons, accompanied by behavioral and cognitive dysfunctions. So far , there are no complete cures for NDs; thus, early and timely diagnoses are essential and beneficial to patients’ treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become one of the advanced medical imaging techniques widely used in the clinic...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - July 12, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Direct AT2R Stimulation Slows Post-stroke Cognitive Decline in the 5XFAD Alzheimer ’s Disease Mice
AbstractAlzheimer ’s disease (AD), currently the single leading cause of death still on the rise, almost always coexists alongside vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). In fact, the ischemic disease affects up to 90% of AD patients, with strokes and major infarctions representing over a third of vascular lesions. St udies also confirmed that amyloid plaques, typical of AD, are much more likely to cause dementia if strokes or cerebrovascular damage also exist, leading to the term “mixed pathology” cognitive impairment. Although its incidence is expected to grow, there are no satisfactory treatments. There is hence an u...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - June 5, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Recent Synergy of Nanodiamonds: Role in Brain-Targeted Drug Delivery for the Management of Neurological Disorders
AbstractThe aim of the present review article is to summarize the role of nanodiamonds in various neurological diseases. We have taken related literature of making this review article from ScienceDirect, springer, Research gate, PubMed, Sci-finder, etc. The current approaches for treating neurological conditions such as glioblastoma includes chemotherapy or combination anti-retro viral therapy for HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) or use of anti-Alzheimer drugs during cognitive impairment. These approaches can provide only symptomatic relief as they do not target the cause of the disease due to their inability to penetrat...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - May 27, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Retinoid X Receptor: Cellular and Biochemical Roles of Nuclear Receptor with a Focus on Neuropathological Involvement
AbstractRetinoid X receptors (RXRs) present a subgroup of the nuclear receptor superfamily with particularly high evolutionary conservation of ligand binding domain. The receptor exists in α, β, and γ isotypes that form homo-/heterodimeric complexes with other permissive and non-permissive receptors. While research has identified the biochemical roles of several nuclear receptor family members, the roles of RXRs in various neurological disorders remain relatively under-investigated . RXR acts as ligand-regulated transcription factor, modulating the expression of genes that plays a critical role in mediating several deve...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - January 11, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Gene Therapy Approach with an Emphasis on Growth Factors: Theoretical and Clinical Outcomes in Neurodegenerative Diseases
This article mainly focu ses on the delivering modes of genetic materials in the CNS, which includes viral and non-viral vectors and their application in gene therapy. Despite the many clinical trials conducted so far, data have shown disappointing outcomes. The efforts done to improve outcomes, efficacy, and safety in the identification of targets in various neurological disorders are also discussed here. Adapting gene therapy as a new therapeutic approach for treating neurological disorders seems to be promising, with early detection and delivery of therapy before the neuron is lost, helping a lot the development of new ...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - October 15, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Generation and Role of Calpain-Cleaved 17-kDa Tau Fragment in Acute Ischemic Stroke
In this study, we observed the accumulation of 17-kDa tau fragment in cultured primary neurons and media after oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) treatment that could be diminished by the presence of a calpain inhibitor. This calpa in-mediated proteolytic tau fragment was also detected in brain tissues from middle cerebral artery occlusion–injured rats and acute ischemic stroke patients receiving strokectomy, and human plasma samples collected within 48 h after the onset of stroke. The mass spectrometry analysis of this 17-k Da fragment identified 2 peptide sequences containing 195–224 amino acids of tau, w...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - August 19, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

COVID-19 Infection and Circulating Microparticles —Reviewing Evidence as Microthrombogenic Risk Factor for Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) due to novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected the global society in numerous unprecedented ways, with considerable morbidity and mortality. Both direct and indirect consequences from COVID-19 infection are recognized to give rise to cardio- and cerebrovascular complications. Despite current limited knowledge on COVID-19 pathogenesis, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and coagulopathy appear to play critical roles in COVID-19-associated cerebrovascular disease (CVD). One of the major subtypes of CVD is cerebral small vessel disease (C...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - June 26, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Obscure Involvement of MYC in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Neuronal Repair
AbstractMYC is well known as a potent oncogene involved in regulating cell cycle and metabolism. Augmented MYC expression leads to cell cycle dysregulation, intense cell proliferation, and carcinogenesis. Surprisingly, its increased expression in neurons does not induce their proliferation, but leads to neuronal cell death and consequent development of a neurodegenerative phenotype. Interestingly, while cancer and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer ’s disease are placed at the opposite sides of cell division spectrum, both start with cell cycle dysregulation and stimulation of proliferation. It seems that MYC a...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - May 5, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Targeting of Perforin Inhibitor into the Brain Parenchyma Via a Prodrug Approach Can Decrease Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation and Improve Cell Survival
AbstractThe cytolytic protein perforin has a crucial role in infections and tumor surveillance. Recently, it has also been associated with many brain diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. Therefore, inhibitors of perforin have attracted interest as novel drug candidates. We have previously reported that converting a perforin inhibitor into an L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1)-utilizing prodrug can improve the compound ’s brain drug delivery not only across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) but also into the brain parenchymal cells: neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. The present study evaluated whet...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - September 24, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Lactate: More Than Merely a Metabolic Waste Product in the Inner Retina
AbstractThe retina is an extension of the central nervous system and has been considered to be a simplified, more tractable and accessible version of the brain for a variety of neuroscience investigations. The optic nerve displays changes in response to underlying neurodegenerative diseases, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer ’s disease, as well as inner retinal neurodegenerative disease, e.g., glaucoma. Neurodegeneration has increasingly been linked to dysfunctional energy metabolism or conditions in which the energy supply does not meet the demand. Likewise, increasing lactate levels have been correlated...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - January 7, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Novel miRNA PC-5P-12969 in Ischemic Stroke
AbstractCirculating microRNAs (miRNAs) have been used effectively as peripheral biomarkers and mechanistic targets for human diseases such as stroke, Alzheimer ’s, and cancer. The purpose of our study is to determine noninvasive, blood-based early detectable biomarkers for ischemic stroke (IS). Based on our previous global miRNA sequencing study, four miRNAs were previously unreported (novel) in IS condition. Among these, miRNA PC-5P-12969 was exclusivel y expressed in the IS condition; otherwise, it was not expressed in normal condition, and therefore, we focused on miRNA PC-5P-12969 for further studies. In the present ...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - April 4, 2019 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Angiotensin Receptor Blockade by Inhibiting Glial Activation Promotes Hippocampal Neurogenesis Via Activation of Wnt/ β-Catenin Signaling in Hypertension
AbstractHypertension is one of the major risk factors for central nervous system (CNS) disorders like stroke and Alzheimer ’s disease (AD). On the other hand, CNS diseases like AD have been associated with gliosis and impaired neurogenesis. Further, renin angiotensin system (RAS) is intricately associated with hypertension; however, the accumulating evidences suggest that over-activity of RAS may perpetuate the brain inflammation related with AD. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the effect of hypertension and RAS on glial (astrocytes and microglia) activation and hippocampal neurogenesis in a rat model of chr...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - May 11, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein (TXNIP) in Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Regulation and Implication
AbstractNeurological diseases, including acute attacks (e.g., ischemic stroke) and chronic neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer ’s disease), have always been one of the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. These debilitating diseases represent an enormous disease burden, not only in terms of health suffering but also in economic costs. Although the clinical presentations differ for these diseases, a growing body of evidence suggests that oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in brain tissue significantly contribute to their pathology. However, therapies attempting to prevent oxidative damage o...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - February 27, 2018 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Protective Effects of Spatholobi Caulis Extract on Neuronal Damage and Focal Ischemic Stroke/Reperfusion Injury
AbstractNeuronal apoptotic cell death plays an important role in many neurological disorders, including Alzheimer ’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and ischemic stroke. Spatholobi Caulis (SC) has been widely used in traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of cancer, inflammation, viral infection, and anemia. However, the protective effects of SC extract (SCE) against apoptotic cell death in the brain h ave not been reported. We investigated the protective effects of SCE against neuronal injury etoposide-induced neurotoxicity and in rats subjected to focal transient ischemic stroke middle cerebral artery occlusion ...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - July 13, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

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