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Antithrombotic therapy in heart failure patients with and without atrial fibrillation: update and future challenges
Atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF) often coexist, and patients with AF and HF have a higher risk of thromboembolic events and overall mortality compared with those with AF without HF. Additionally, the prevalence of AF increases with the severity of HF. The use of vitamin K antagonists is more unstable in patients with concomitant AF and HF, which is an independent risk factor for reduced time under therapeutic range. More recently, non-vitamin K antagonists oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have emerged as therapeutic alternatives for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular AF, as they have been shown to be...
Source: European Heart Journal - August 23, 2016 Category: Cardiology Authors: Ferreira, J. P., Girerd, N., Alshalash, S., Konstam, M. A., Zannad, F. Tags: Clinical update Source Type: research

Stroke and bleeding risk assessment in atrial fibrillation: when, how, and why?
The objective of this review article is to provide an overview of stroke and bleeding risk assessment in AF. There would be particular emphasis on when, how, and why to use these risk stratification schemes, with a specific focus on the CHADS2 [congestive heart failure, hypertension, age, diabetes, stroke (doubled)], CHA2DS2-VASc [congestive heart failure or left ventricular dysfunction, hypertension, age ≥75 (doubled), diabetes, stroke (doubled)-vascular disease, age 65–74 and sex category (female)], and HAS-BLED [hypertension (i.e. uncontrolled blood pressure), abnormal renal/liver function, stroke, bleeding his...
Source: European Heart Journal - April 7, 2013 Category: Cardiology Authors: Lip, G. Y. H. Tags: REVIEWS Source Type: research