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Short- and long-term effects of smoking on pain and health-related quality of life after non-instrumented lumbar spine surgery
Smoking is commonly known to exert negative effects on bodily health such as a 25-fold increased risk for lung cancer, a 2- to 4-fold increased risk for coronary heart disease or stroke [1], as well as to represent a cause of premature death [2]. In Germany for example, more than 114.000 premature deaths, 1.6 million years of potential life lost and 21 billion Euros are the socio-economic burden of smoking [3]. Despite these well-known risks, the smoking prevalence is still high and varies greatly across different European countries from as low as 19.7% in Portugal to as high as 45.7% in Bulgaria [4].
Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery - January 20, 2016 Category: Neurosurgery Authors: Martin N. Stienen, Holger Joswig, Nicolas R. Smoll, Enrico Tessitore, Karl Schaller, Gerhard Hildebrandt, Oliver P. Gautschi Source Type: research