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Infectious Disease: Malaria

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Total 105 results found since Jan 2013.

Preliminary Report on the Reduction of Adult Mosquitoes in Housing Compounds in Western Kenya Using the ProVector Flower and Entobac Bait Pads Containing Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis With Honey Bait
This study provides evidence that Bti-laced bait may be used as an alternative adulticide and be delivered in an applicator to reduce mosquito populations of several species. This method may significantly reduce the cost of pesticide application through target specificity and by reducing the amount of pesticide placed into the environment.
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - September 2, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Yalwala, S., Kollars, J. W., Kasembeli, G., Barasa, C., Senessie, C., Kollars, P. G., Kollars, T. M. Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research

New repellent effective against African malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae: implications for vector control
Abstract Anopheles gambiae Giles sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae) is a vector for Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria. Current control strategies to reduce the impact of malaria focus on reducing the frequency of mosquito attacks on humans, thereby decreasing Plasmodium transmission. A need for new repellents effective against Anopheles mosquitoes has arisen because of changes in vector behaviour as a result of control strategies and concern over the health impacts of current repellents. The response of A. gambiae to potential repellents was investigated through an electroantennogram screen and the most promising ...
Source: Medical and Veterinary Entomology - August 5, 2016 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: C. N. HODSON, Y. YU, E. PLETTNER, B. D. ROITBERG Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Insights Into Resting Behavior of Malaria Vector Mosquitoes in Mutare and Mutasa Districts of Manicaland Province, Zimbabwe
A study was conducted to investigate the current resting behavior of malaria vectors in Mutare and Mutasa districts, Zimbabwe. Mosquitoes were captured using pyrethrum spray collection, prokopac aspirator, pit shelter, and exit trap methods. Mosquitoes were sorted and identified using morphological key and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. The Anopheles funestus group constituted 97%, whereas Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes were few (3%). Endophilic collections in both species were five times greater than exophilic catches. The endophilic trait was further demonstrated by gravid to fed index (gravid/fed) of ...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - June 29, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Sande, S., Zimba, M., Chinwada, P., Masendu, H. T., Makuwaza, A. Tags: Vector Control, Pest Management, Resistance, Repellents Source Type: research

Perspectives Malaria
In 1866 a newly qualified Aberdonian doctor, Patrick Manson, followed his older brother into the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs Service. After a decade in the service Manson retired to Scotland, but in the early 1890s he was forced back into practice by a currency crash that wiped out his Chinese pension. Drawing on his experiences in east Asia, he began to concentrate on the study of tropical diseases, developing an ecological approach in which bacteriology and pathology were combined with entomology and geography.
Source: LANCET - June 17, 2016 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Richard Barnett Tags: Perspectives Source Type: research

Tick Salivary Cholinesterase: A Probable Immunomodulator of Host-parasite Interactions
The southern cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini), is the most economically important cattle ectoparasite in the world. Rhipicephalus microplus and Rhipicephalus annulatus (Say) continue to threaten U.S. cattle producers despite eradication and an importation barrier based on inspection, dipping of imported cattle in organophosphate (OP) acaricide, and quarantine of infested premises. OP acaricides inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), essential to tick central nervous system function. Unlike vertebrates, ticks possess at least three genes encoding AChEs, differing in amino acid sequence and biochem...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - May 19, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Temeyer, K. B., Tuckow, A. P. Tags: Arthropod/Host Interaction, Immunity Source Type: research

Characterization of an Indoor-Resting Population of Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) and the Implications on Malaria Transmission in Tubu Village in Okavango Subdistrict, Botswana
This study assessed some of the entomological indices that contribute to malaria transmission by an indoor-resting population of Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) in Tubu village, Okavango subdistrict. The pyrethroid space-spray technique and hut searches were used to sample mosquitoes. Species and bloodmeal source identification were done using the polymerase chain reaction techniques. The infective status was determined by the enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay test. The human blood indices (HBI), human-biting rates (HBR), and vector densities were computed. Anopheles arabiensis was the sole vector and mem...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - May 19, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Chirebvu, E., Chimbari, M. J. Tags: Population and Community Ecology Source Type: research

The Impact of Cycling Temperature on the Transmission of West Nile Virus
West Nile virus (WNV) is an important cause of disease in humans and animals. Risk of WNV infection varies seasonally, with the greatest risk during the warmest parts of the year due in part to the accelerated extrinsic incubation rate of the virus in mosquitoes. Rates of extrinsic incubation have been shown in constant-temperature studies to increase as an approximately linear function of temperature, but for other vector-borne pathogens, such as malaria or dengue virus, nonlinear relationships have been demonstrated under cycling temperatures near the thermal limits of pathogen replication. Using typical daily air temper...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - May 19, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Danforth, M. E., Reisen, W. K., Barker, C. M. Tags: Vector/Pathogen/Host Interaction, Transmission Source Type: research

Shift in species composition in the Anopheles gambiae complex after implementation of long ‐lasting insecticidal nets in Dielmo, Senegal
Abstract Long‐lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are the cornerstones of malaria vector control. However, the effectiveness of these control tools depends on vector ecology and behaviour, which also largely determine the efficacy of certain Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) as vectors. Malaria vectors in sub‐Saharan Africa are primarily species of the Anopheles gambiae complex, which present intraspecific differences in behaviour that affect how they respond to vector control tools. The focus of this study is the change in species composition in the An. gambiae complex after th...
Source: Medical and Veterinary Entomology - April 4, 2016 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: S. SOUGOUFARA, M. HARRY, S. DOUCOUR É, P. M. SEMBÈNE, C. SOKHNA Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research

Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Mutations in Indian Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations
This study provides evidence for a focal pattern of distribution of kdr alleles in India.
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Dykes, C. L., Das, M. K., Eapen, A., Batra, C. P., Ghosh, S. K., Vijayan, V. A., Mishra, S., Singh, O. P. Tags: Molecular Biology/Genomics Source Type: research

The Influence of Insecticide Resistance, Age, Sex, and Blood Feeding Frequency on Thermal Tolerance of Wild and Laboratory Phenotypes of Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae)
Resistance to insecticides is a global phenomenon and is increasing at an unprecedented rate. How resistant and susceptible strains of malaria vectors might differ in terms of life history and basic biology is often overlooked, despite the potential importance of such information in light of changing climates. Here, we investigated the upper thermal limits (ULT50) of wild and laboratory strains of Anopheles funestus Giles mosquitoes, including resistance status, sex, age, and blood feeding status as potential factors influencing ULT50. No significant differences in ULT50 were observed between strains displaying different r...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Lyons, C. L., Oliver, S. V., Hunt, R. H., Coetzee, M. Tags: Vector Control, Pest Management, Resistance, Repellents Source Type: research

Effects of the spatial repellent metofluthrin on landing rates of outdoor biting anophelines in Cambodia, Southeast Asia
Abstract The emergence of artemisinin‐resistant malaria in Southeast Asia is a major problem. The fact that many people become infected with malaria when they are outside has prompted the development of ‘spatial’ rather than topical repellents. The respective effects of one or four slow‐release emanators of metofluthrin, a pyrethroid, were tested in Pailin, Pursat and Koh Kong, Cambodia. Numbers of mosquitoes counted in outdoor landing catches when one or four emanators were suspended close to the collector were compared with control collections. In Pailin, the effects of emanators on catches in Furvela tent traps ...
Source: Medical and Veterinary Entomology - March 1, 2016 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: J. D. CHARLWOOD, S. NENHEP, N. PROTOPOPOFF, S. SOVANNAROTH, J. C. MORGAN, J. HEMINGWAY Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Differential protein expression in the midgut of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes induced by the insecticide temephos
Abstract Mosquitoes are vectors for pathogens of malaria, lymphatic filariasis, dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis. Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 (Diptera: Culicidae) is a known vector of lymphatic filariasis. Its control in Brazil has been managed using the organophosphate temephos. Studies examining the proteins of Cx. quinquefasciatus that are differentially expressed in response to temephos further understanding of the modes of action of the insecticide and may potentially identify resistance factors in the mosquito. In the present study, a comparative proteomic analysis, using 2‐dimension...
Source: Medical and Veterinary Entomology - February 29, 2016 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: P. D. GAMES, S. N. ALVES, B. B. KATZ, J. M. TOMICH, J. E. SERRÃO Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Shift in species composition in the Anopheles gambiae complex after implementation of long‐lasting insecticidal nets in Dielmo, Senegal
Abstract Long‐lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are the cornerstones of malaria vector control. However, the effectiveness of these control tools depends on vector ecology and behaviour, which also largely determine the efficacy of certain Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) as vectors. Malaria vectors in sub‐Saharan Africa are primarily species of the Anopheles gambiae complex, which present intraspecific differences in behaviour that affect how they respond to vector control tools. The focus of this study is the change in species composition in the An. gambiae complex after th...
Source: Medical and Veterinary Entomology - February 29, 2016 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: S. SOUGOUFARA, M. HARRY, S. DOUCOURÉ, P. M. SEMBÈNE, C. SOKHNA Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research

Distribution of individual members of the mosquito Anopheles maculipennis complex in Germany identified by newly developed real‐time PCR assays
Abstract Owing to their role as vectors of malaria parasites, species of the Anopheles maculipennis complex (Diptera: Culicidae) Meigen were intensively studied in the past, but with the disappearance of malaria in Germany in the middle of the last century, the interest in this field of research declined. A comprehensive ecological analysis of the current species distribution for Germany is lacking. Between 2010 and 2013, a total of 1445 mosquitoes of the An. maculipennis complex were collected at 72 different sites in Germany. The samples comprise 722 single individuals as well as 723 individuals in 90 pools of up to 25 m...
Source: Medical and Veterinary Entomology - January 20, 2016 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: R. Lühken, C. Czajka, S. Steinke, H. Jöst, J. Schmidt‐Chanasit, W. Pfitzner, N. Becker, E. Kiel, A. Krüger, E. Tannich Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Monitoring Dry Season Persistence of Anopheles gambiae s.l. Populations in a Contained Semi-Field System in Southwestern Burkina Faso, West Africa
To gain insight into the dry season survival strategies of Anopheles gambiae s.l., a new contained semi-field system was developed and used for the first time in Burkina Faso, West Africa. The system consisted of a screened greenhouse within which the local environment was reproduced, including all ecological requirements for mosquito development cycle completion. The system was seeded with the progenies of female Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles coluzzii, and Anopheles arabiensis collected in the vicinity of the greenhouse during the rainy season. After successful establishment in the semi-field system, mosquito populations w...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - January 12, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Mamai, W., Simard, F., Couret, D., Ouedraogo, G. A., Renault, D., Dabire, K. R., Mouline, K. Tags: Sampling, Distribution, Dispersal Source Type: research