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Source: Experimental Neurology

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Total 393 results found since Jan 2013.

Activin A improves the neurological outcome after ischemic stroke in mice by promoting oligodendroglial ACVR1B-mediated white matter remyelination.
In this study, the adult male C57BL/6 J mice were used to establish the model of 1 h middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) 1 d to 28 d-induced ischemic stroke in vivo. We found that the neurological outcome was positively correlated with the levels of myelin associated proteins (include MAG, CNPase, MOG and MBP, n = 6 per group) both in corpus callosum and internal capsule of mice with ischemic stroke. The dynamic changes of Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining intensity, oligodendrocyte (CC1+) and proliferated oligodendrocyte precursor (Ki67+/PDGFRα+) cell numbers indicated demyelination and spontaneous...
Source: Experimental Neurology - December 17, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Zheng J, Zhang T, Han S, Liu C, Liu M, Li S, Li J Tags: Exp Neurol Source Type: research

Mutant erythropoietin enhances white matter repair via the JAK2/STAT3 and C/EBP β pathway in middle-aged mice following cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.
This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of nonerythropoietic mutant EPO (MEPO) on white matter and the underlying mechanism in middle-aged (9-month-old) male mice following cerebral ischemia. Middle-aged male C57 BL/6 mice were treated with MEPO (5000 IU/kg) or vehicle after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion. The specific inhibitor AG490 was used to block the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Neurological function was assessed by beam walking and adhesive removal tests. Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were used to assess the severity of white matter injury, phenotypic changes in the m...
Source: Experimental Neurology - December 9, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Wang R, Zhang S, Yang Z, Zheng Y, Yan F, Tao Z, Fan J, Zhao H, Han Z, Luo Y Tags: Exp Neurol Source Type: research

Hyperhomocysteinemia is an emerging comorbidity in ischemic stroke.
Abstract Hyperhomocysteinemia or systemic elevation of the amino acid homocysteine is a common metabolic disorder that is considered to be a risk factor for ischemic stroke. However, it is still unclear whether predisposition to hyperhomocysteinemia could contribute to the severity of stroke outcome. This review highlights the advantages and limitations of the current rodent models of hyperhomocysteinemia, describes the consequence of mild hyperhomocysteinemia on the severity of ischemic brain damage in preclinical studies and summarizes the mechanisms involved in homocysteine induced neurotoxicity. The findings p...
Source: Experimental Neurology - December 2, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Poddar R Tags: Exp Neurol Source Type: research

Combinatorial intranasal delivery of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and insulin-like growth factor-1 improves neurovascularization and functional outcomes following focal cerebral ischemia in mice.
Abstract Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) transplantation is a promising treatment for ischemic stroke that carries a severe mortality and disability burden amongst the adult population globally. Thus far, BMSC transplantation has been insufficient for ameliorating neurological deficits resulting from cerebral ischemia. This shortcoming may be an outcome due to poor homing and viability of grafted cells in ischemic brain that limit the potential therapeutic benefits of BMSC transplantation. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a potent anti-apoptotic agent, exerts neuroprotective effects in ischemic strok...
Source: Experimental Neurology - December 1, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Shen H, Gu X, Wei ZZ, Wu A, Liu X, Wei L Tags: Exp Neurol Source Type: research

Extracellular vesicles derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells enhance myelin maintenance after cortical injury in aged rhesus monkeys.
Abstract Cortical injury, such as stroke, causes neurotoxic cascades that lead to rapid death and/or damage to neurons and glia. Axonal and myelin damage in particular, are critical factors that lead to neuronal dysfunction and impair recovery of function after injury and can be exacerbated in the aged brain where white matter damage is prevalent. Therapies that can ameliorate myelin damage and promote repair by targeting oligodendroglia, the cells that produce and maintain myelin, may facilitate recovery after injury, especially in the aged brain where these processes are already compromised. We previously report...
Source: Experimental Neurology - November 29, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Go V, Sarikaya D, Zhou Y, Bowley BGE, Pessina MA, Rosene DL, Zhang ZG, Chopp M, Finklestein SP, Medalla M, Buller B, Moore TL Tags: Exp Neurol Source Type: research

The role of diurnal fluctuations in excitatory amino acid carrier 1 levels in post-ischemic hippocampal Zn2+ accumulation.
This study aimed to investigate whether time of day of an ischemic insult affects Zn2+ accumulation and neuronal injury and determine whether altered Zn2+ accumulation is modulated by EAAC1 diurnal fluctuation in the hippocampus in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. Mice subjected to transient global ischemia for 40 min at Zeitgeber time 18 (ZT18) (23:00) exhibited reduced Zn2+ accumulation and neuronal death in the hilar region of the hippocampus compared to those at ZT4 (09,00). The EAAC1 protein expression in the hippocampus was increased at ZT18 relative to ZT4. Intracerebroventricular injection of a non-selective exc...
Source: Experimental Neurology - November 27, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Aratake T, Higashi Y, Hamada T, Ueba Y, Shimizu T, Shimizu S, Yawata T, Ueba T, Saito M Tags: Exp Neurol Source Type: research

Microglia depletion increase brain injury after acute ischemic stroke in aged mice.
In conclusion, PLX5622 and AFS98 treatment depleted microglia in aged animals but resulted in increased neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke. PMID: 33221396 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Experimental Neurology - November 19, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Lee SM, Hudobenko J, McCullough LD, Chauhan A Tags: Exp Neurol Source Type: research

Neuroinflammation evoked by brain injury in a rat model of lacunar infarct.
Abstract Stroke is the leading cause of long-term, severe disability worldwide. Immediately after the stroke, endogenous inflammatory processes are upregulated, leading to the local neuroinflammation and the potentiation of brain tissue destruction. The innate immune response is triggered as early as 24 h post-brain ischemia, followed by adaptive immunity activation. Together these immune cells produce many inflammatory mediators, i.e., cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines. Our study examines the immune response components in the early stage of deep brain lacunar infarct in the rat brain, highly relevant to...
Source: Experimental Neurology - November 19, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Dabrowska S, Andrzejewska A, Kozlowska H, Strzemecki D, Janowski M, Lukomska B Tags: Exp Neurol Source Type: research

Inhibition of the BCL6/miR-31/PKD1 axis attenuates oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage.
Abstract Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the most common cerebrovascular diseases worldwide. The aberrant expression of BCL6 has been previously implicated in the pathogenesis of IS. Meanwhile, miR-31 is known as a target of BCL6, and has also been suggested to diminish cell damage by suppressing the PKD1 expression. Expanding on this relationship, the current study set out to investigate whether BCL6 participates in ischemic stroke by targeting PKD1. Firstly, IS models were established in vitro and in vivo. TUNEL staining and MTT assay were performed to examine the apoptosis and cell survival. In addition, qRT-PCR...
Source: Experimental Neurology - November 12, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Wei P, Chen H, Lin B, Du T, Liu G, He J, You C Tags: Exp Neurol Source Type: research

Emerging neuroprotective strategies for the treatment of ischemic stroke: An overview of clinical and preclinical studies.
Abstract Stroke is the leading cause of disability and the second leading cause of death worldwide. With the global population aged 65 and over growing faster than all other age groups, the incidence of stroke is also increasing. In addition, there is a shift in the overall stroke burden towards younger age groups, particularly in low and middle-income countries. Stroke in most cases is caused due to an abrupt blockage of an artery (ischemic stroke), but in some instances stroke may be caused due to bleeding into brain tissue when a blood vessel ruptures (hemorrhagic stroke). Although treatment options for stroke ...
Source: Experimental Neurology - October 31, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Paul S, Candelario-Jalil E Tags: Exp Neurol Source Type: research

CNS and peripheral immunity in cerebral ischemia: partition and interaction.
Abstract Stroke elicits excessive immune activation in the injured brain tissue. This well-recognized neural inflammation in the brain is not just an intrinsic organ response but also a result of additional intricate interactions between infiltrating peripheral immune cells and the resident immune cells in the affected areas. Given that there is a finite number of immune cells in the organism at the time of stroke, the partitioned immune systems of the CNS and periphery must appropriately distribute the limited pool of immune cells between the two domains, mounting a necessary post-stroke inflammatory response by ...
Source: Experimental Neurology - October 13, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Kim E, Cho S Tags: Exp Neurol Source Type: research

NPD1 rapidly targets mitochondria-mediated apoptosis after acute injection protecting brain against ischemic injury.
Abstract Mitochondria-related cell death pathways play a major role in ischemic brain injury. Thus, mitochondrial "protective" molecules could be considered for new therapeutic regimens. We recently reported that acute administration of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) triglyceride lipid emulsion, immediately after hypoxic-ischemic (HI) insult, markedly attenuated brain infarct size. This was associated with an early change of DHA-derived specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM) profiles. Specifically, DHA treatment induced a 50% increase of neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) levels in ischemic brain. Based on these findings, we ...
Source: Experimental Neurology - October 7, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Zirpoli H, Sosunov SA, Niatsetskaya ZV, Mayurasakorn K, Kollareth DJM, Serhan CN, Ten VS, Deckelbaum RJ Tags: Exp Neurol Source Type: research

Impact of aging and comorbidities on ischemic stroke outcomes in preclinical animal models: A translational perspective.
Abstract Ischemic stroke is a highly complex and devastating neurological disease. The sudden loss of blood flow to a brain region due to an ischemic insult leads to severe damage to that area resulting in the formation of an infarcted tissue, also known as the ischemic core. This is surrounded by the peri-infarct region or penumbra that denotes the functionally impaired but potentially salvageable tissue. Thus, the penumbral tissue is the main target for the development of neuroprotective strategies to minimize the extent of ischemic brain damage by timely therapeutic intervention. Given the limitations of reperf...
Source: Experimental Neurology - October 6, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Candelario-Jalil E, Paul S Tags: Exp Neurol Source Type: research

Introduction to spasticity and related mouse models.
Abstract Although spasticity is one of the most common causes of motor disability worldwide, its precise definition and pathophysiology remain elusive, which to date renders its experimental targeting tricky. At least in part, this difficulty is caused by heterogeneous phenotypes of spasticity-causing neurological disorders, all causing spasticity by involving upper motor neurons. The most common clinical symptoms are a series of rapid muscle contractions (clonus), an increased muscle tone (hypertonia), and augmented tendon reflex activity (hyperreflexia). This muscle overactivity is due to disturbed inhibition of...
Source: Experimental Neurology - September 28, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Wieters F, Lucas CW, Gruhn M, Büschges A, Fink GR, Aswendt M Tags: Exp Neurol Source Type: research

The effect of type 2 diabetes on CD36 expression and the uptake of oxLDL: Diabetes affects CD36 and oxLDL uptake.
Abstract We investigated whether type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a risk factor of stroke, affects the level of scavenger receptor CD36 and the uptake of its ligand, oxidized LDL (oxLDL); and whether pioglitazone, a drug that enhances CD36, promotes oxLDL uptake. Compared to normoglycemic db/+ mice, adult db/db mice showed a pronounced reduction in surface CD36 expression on myeloid cells from the blood, brain, and bone marrow as detected by flow cytometry, which correlated with elevated plasma soluble-CD36 as determined by ELISA. Increased CD36 expression was found in brain macrophages and microglia of both genot...
Source: Experimental Neurology - September 10, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Kanoke A, Nishijima Y, Ljungberg M, Omodaka S, Yang SY, Wong S, Rabiller G, Tominaga T, Hsieh CL, Liu J Tags: Exp Neurol Source Type: research