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CNS Antigen-Specific Neuroinflammation Attenuates Ischemic Stroke With Involvement of Polarized Myeloid Cells
Discussion CNS autoantigen-specific autoimmunity has a protective influence on primary tissue damage after experimental stroke, indicating a very early involvement of CNS antigen-specific, myeloid cell-associated anti-inflammatory immune mechanisms that mitigate ischemic injury in the acute EAE phase.
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - June 8, 2022 Category: Neurology Authors: Guse, K., Hagemann, N., Thiele, L., Remlinger, J., Salmen, A., Hoepner, R., Keller, I., Meyer, P., Grandgirard, D., Leib, S. L., Vassella, E., Locatelli, G., Hermann, D. M., Chan, A. Tags: All Immunology, Multiple sclerosis, Infarction Research Article Source Type: research

Targeted RNA Sequencing of VZV-Infected Brain Vascular Adventitial Fibroblasts Indicates That Amyloid May Be Involved in VZV Vasculopathy
Discussion Gene expression profiles and pathway enrichment analysis of VZV-infected HBVAFs, as well as phenotypic studies, reveal features of pathologic vascular remodeling (e.g., increased cell migration and changes in the extracellular matrix) that can contribute to cerebrovascular disease. Furthermore, the discovery of amyloid-associated transcriptional pathways and intracellular amyloid deposition in HBVAFs raise the possibility that VZV vasculopathy is an amyloid disease. Amyloid deposition may contribute to cell death and loss of vascular wall integrity, as well as potentiate chronic inflammation in VZV vasculopathy,...
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - November 10, 2021 Category: Neurology Authors: Bubak, A. N., Como, C. N., Hassell, J. E., Mescher, T., Frietze, S. E., Niemeyer, C. S., Cohrs, R. J., Nagel, M. A. Tags: Vasculitis, Viral infections, All Cerebrovascular disease/Stroke, All Cognitive Disorders/Dementia, Gene expression studies Article Source Type: research

Primary Angiitis of the CNS: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Discussion PACNS is associated with disabling symptoms, frequent relapses, and significant mortality. Differences in symptoms and neuroimaging results and low overlap between biopsy and angiogram suggest that biopsy- and angiogram-confirmed cases represent different histopathologic types of PACNS. The optimal treatment is unknown.
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - October 18, 2021 Category: Neurology Authors: Beuker, C., Strunk, D., Rawal, R., Schmidt-Pogoda, A., Werring, N., Milles, L., Ruck, T., Wiendl, H., Meuth, S., Minnerup, H., Minnerup, J. Tags: Vasculitis, All Cerebrovascular disease/Stroke Views [amp ] Reviews Source Type: research

Targeted RNA Sequencing of Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Temporal Arteries From Giant Cell Arteritis Cases Reveals Viral Signatures
Discussion The detection of viral and immune activation pathways in GCA TAs supports a role for virus infection in GCA pathogenesis. In addition, the detection of viral pathways in control/VZV-positive TAs, along with vascular remodeling pathways, suggests that these samples may represent early infection with progression to clinical disease, depending on host and other environmental factors.
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - September 7, 2021 Category: Neurology Authors: Bubak, A. N., Mescher, T., Mariani, M., Frietze, S. E., Hassell, J. E., Niemeyer, C. S., Como, C. N., Burnet, A. M., Subramanian, P. S., Cohrs, R. J., Mahalingam, R., Nagel, M. A. Tags: All Immunology, Vasculitis, Viral infections, All Cerebrovascular disease/Stroke, Gene expression studies Article Source Type: research

Vascular Involvement in Neurosarcoidosis: Early Experiences From Intracranial Vessel Wall Imaging
We report our preliminary experience in patients with NS who underwent high-resolution vessel wall imaging (VWI). Methods A total of 13 consecutive patients with NS underwent VWI. Images were analyzed by 2 neuroradiologists in consensus. The assessment included segment-wise evaluation of larger- and medium-sized vessels (internal carotid artery, M1-M3 middle cerebral artery; A1-A3 anterior cerebral artery; V4 segments of vertebral arteries; basilar artery; and P1-P3 posterior cerebral artery), lenticulostriate perforator vessels, and medullary and deep cerebral veins. Cortical veins were not assessed due to flow-related a...
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - August 4, 2021 Category: Neurology Authors: Bathla, G., Abdel-Wahed, L., Agarwal, A., Cho, T. A., Gupta, S., Jones, K. A., Priya, S., Soni, N., Wasserman, B. A. Tags: MRI, DWI, Other cerebrovascular disease/ Stroke, Vasculitis Article Source Type: research

Presentations and mechanisms of CNS disorders related to COVID-19
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In addition to severe respiratory symptoms, there are a growing number of reports showing a wide range of CNS complications in patients with COVID-19. Here, we review the literature on these complications, ranging from nonspecific symptoms to necrotizing encephalopathies, encephalitis, myelitis, encephalomyelitis, endotheliitis, and stroke. We postulate that there are several different mechanisms involved in COVID-19–associated CNS dysfunction, particularly activation of inflammatory and thro...
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - December 11, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Bodro, M., Compta, Y., Sanchez-Valle, R. Tags: Other cerebrovascular disease/ Stroke, Encephalitis, COVID-19 Views [amp ] Reviews Source Type: research

A case of cerebral vasculitis due to neurobartonellosis
We report a case of a 60-year-old right-handed woman with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and hypothyroidism who presented with a three-week history of recurrent thunderclap headaches accompanied by photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, and vomiting. She reported one brief episode of slurred speech, expressive aphasia, right facial droop, and right hemiparesis suggestive of a TIA. Family history was remarkable for primary angiitis of the CNS (PACNS) in the mother. Neurologic examination was unremarkable. CT of the head was negative; CT angiography (CTA) of the head and neck suggested fibromuscular dysplasia in bilateral cervical...
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - June 3, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Poursheykhi, M., Mithani, F., Garg, T., Cajavilca, C., Jaijakul, S., Fung, S., Klucznik, R., Gadhia, R. Tags: All Headache, Vasculitis, All Cerebrovascular disease/Stroke Clinical/Scientific Notes Source Type: research

Rituximab, MS, and pregnancy
Conclusion We observed no increase in adverse pregnancy outcomes compared with expected national incidence rates and remarkably little disease activity in RTX-treated women with MS, particularly when compared with periconceptional natalizumab-treated cohorts. However, larger studies are needed to fully assess the safety of RTX use before pregnancy, especially risks associated with prolonged B-cell depletion and hypogammaglobulinemia. Until these data are available, we recommend restricting RTX use before pregnancy to women who require highly effective MS treatments. Classification of evidence This study provides Class IV ...
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - April 30, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Smith, J. B., Hellwig, K., Fink, K., Lyell, D. J., Piehl, F., Langer-Gould, A. Tags: Multiple sclerosis Article Source Type: research

Inflammatory and stress markers predicting pneumonia, outcome, and etiology in patients with stroke: Biomarkers for predicting pneumonia, functional outcome, and death after stroke
Conclusions The tested biomarkers are associated with SAP and poor functional outcome. However, these biomarkers only slightly improve prediction of SAP and do not improve long-term outcome prediction over clinical parameters. MRproANP showed the best discrimination for identifying cardioembolic stroke, warranting further studies to confirm our finding. Clinical trial registration clinicaltrials.gov NCT01264549 and NCT01079728.
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - February 24, 2020 Category: Neurology Authors: Hotter, B., Hoffmann, S., Ulm, L., Montaner, J., Bustamante, A., Meisel, C., Meisel, A. Tags: All Immunology, All Cerebrovascular disease/Stroke Article Source Type: research

Time is tissue in optic neuritis
Once again, this issue of Neurology® Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation (N2) highlights the diversity of the field with studies on a range of clinical disorders and a variety of research approaches. Optic neuritis in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders associated with aquaporin 4 antibodies (AQP4) or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies is considered steroid responsive, although patients can accumulate disability with recurrent attacks. For these patients, Stiebel-Kalish et al.1 investigated whether the time from symptom onset to steroid treatment affected outcome. This was a retr...
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - July 4, 2019 Category: Neurology Authors: Dalmau, J. Tags: Editor ' s Corner Source Type: research

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and long-term outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage
Conclusions In patients with ICH, we identified SIRS to be predictive of poorer long-term functional outcome over the entire range of mRS estimates. Clinically relevant associations with SIRS were documented for previous liver dysfunction and hematoma enlargement.
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - June 30, 2019 Category: Neurology Authors: Hagen, M., Sembill, J. A., Sprügel, M. I., Gerner, S. T., Madzar, D., Lücking, H., Hölter, P., Schwab, S., Huttner, H. B., Kuramatsu, J. B. Tags: Prognosis, Intracerebral hemorrhage Article Source Type: research

Strategies for treatment of childhood primary angiitis of the central nervous system
Conclusion No grade-A evidence exists; however, this review provides recommendations for treatment of cPACNS.
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - May 2, 2019 Category: Neurology Authors: Beelen, J., Benseler, S. M., Dropol, A., Ghali, B., Twilt, M. Tags: Autoimmune diseases, Vasculitis, All Pediatric, Pediatric stroke; see Cerebrovascular Disease/ Childhood stroke Views [amp ] Reviews Source Type: research

HIV is associated with endothelial activation despite ART, in a sub-Saharan African setting
Conclusions HIV infection is associated with endothelial activation despite antiretroviral treatment. Our findings underscore the need for larger clinical cohorts to better understand the contribution of this perturbation of the endothelial function to the increasing burden of cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa.
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - December 21, 2018 Category: Neurology Authors: Kamtchum-Tatuene, J., Mwandumba, H., Al-Bayati, Z., Flatley, J., Griffiths, M., Solomon, T., Benjamin, L. Tags: HIV, All Cerebrovascular disease/Stroke, Case control studies Article Source Type: research

Circulating inflammatory biomarkers are related to cerebrovascular disease in older adults
Conclusions Among older adults, increased circulating inflammatory biomarkers were associated with the presence of infarcts and microbleeds, WMH burden, and progression of WMH.
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - November 14, 2018 Category: Neurology Authors: Gu, Y., Gutierrez, J., Meier, I. B., Guzman, V. A., Manly, J. J., Schupf, N., Brickman, A. M., Mayeux, R. Tags: All Imaging, All Immunology, All Cerebrovascular disease/Stroke, All Cognitive Disorders/Dementia, All epidemiology Article Source Type: research

Characteristics and pharmacodynamics of severe neuroinflammation in a child with neurolupus
We describe a child with extensive peripheral and CNS manifestations and multiorgan involvement. Multiple cellular and cytokine/chemokine markers indicated profound neuroinflammation with some components responsive, others resistant, to 3-agent immunotherapy.
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - December 4, 2016 Category: Neurology Authors: Pranzatelli, M. R., McGee, N. R., Wang, Z. Y., Agrawal, B. K. Tags: All Immunology, Autoimmune diseases, Lupus Clinical/Scientific Notes Source Type: research

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