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Autoimmune Inflammatory Eye Disease: Demystifying Clinical Presentations for the Internist
AbstractPurpose of ReviewProvide a framework for recognizing key symptoms and clinical findings in patients with autoimmune inflammatory eye disease.Recent FindingsThe most common manifestations of autoimmune inflammatory eye disease are episcleritis, scleritis, uveitis (anterior, intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis), and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Etiologies can be idiopathic or in association with a systemic autoimmune condition. Referral of patients who may have scleritis is critical for patients presenting with red eyes. Referral of patients who may have uveitis is critical for patients presenting often with float...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - August 1, 2023 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Neurosarcoidosis: Diagnostic Challenges and Mimics A Review
AbstractPurpose of ReviewNeurosarcoidosis is a rare manifestation of sarcoidosis that is challenging to diagnose. Biopsy confirmation of granulomas is not sufficient, as other granulomatous diseases can present similarly. This review is intended to guide the clinician in identifying key conditions to exclude prior to concluding a diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis.Recent FindingsAlthough new biomarkers are being studied, there are no reliable tests for neurosarcoidosis. Advances in serum testing and imaging have improved the diagnosis for key mimics of neurosarcoidosis in certain clinical scenarios, but biopsy remains an import...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - May 31, 2023 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion (DiGeorge Syndrome): Immunologic Features, Diagnosis, and Management
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review focuses on immunologic findings, relationships among immunologic findings and associated conditions of autoimmunity and atopy, and management of immunologic disease in chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS, historically known as DiGeorge syndrome).Recent FindingsThe implementation of assessment of T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) in newborn screening has led to increased detection of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. While not yet applied in clinical practice, cell-free DNA screening for 22q11.2DS also has the potential to improve early detection, which may benefit prompt eva...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - March 10, 2023 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Paget ’s Disease of Bone: Osteoimmunology and Osteoclast Pathology
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this review is to recognize clinical features of Paget ’s disease of bone and to describe how the osteoclast, a myeloid-derived cell responsible for bone resorption, contributes to the disease.Recent FindingsRecent studies have identified several variants inSQSTM1,OPTN, and other genes that may predispose individuals to Paget ’s disease of bone; studies of these genes and their protein products have elucidated new roles for these proteins in bone physiology.SummaryUnderstanding the pathologic mechanisms in the Pagetic osteoclast may lead to the identification of future treatment ...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - March 25, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Stem Cell Therapy as a Treatment for Autoimmune Disease —Updates in Lupus, Scleroderma, and Multiple Sclerosis
AbstractPurpose of ReviewEvidence for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) in autoimmune disease has been building since the 1990s; however, many clinicians may not yet be aware of its applications to autoimmune disease. We review the basic tenets of HCT and evidence for autologous HCT in multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic sclerosis (SSc), and lupus with an emphasis on recent advanced phase trials.Recent FindingsIn MS, the phase 3 randomized MIST trial and the phase 2 randomized ASTIMS trial demonstrated the efficacy of autologous HCT in refractory MS over disease-modifying therapies and mitoxantrone, respectively....
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - March 24, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Hydroxychloroquine and COVID-19: a Rheumatologist ’s Take on the Lessons Learned
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTold from the viewpoint of rheumatologists, this review tells the story of hydroxychloroquine and its swift ascent to become a household name as a therapeutic strategy against the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus. This review describes the history, mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic applications, and safety profile of hydroxychloroquine as an immunomodulatory and antiviral agent. It also summarizes the major studies that launched and assessed the use of hydroxychloroquine against COVID-19 infection.Recent FindingsMore recent literature calls into question the long-held dogma that endolysosomal alkalin...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - January 21, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Cogan ’s Syndrome: Clinical Presentations and Update on Treatment
This article will review the varying clinical presentations of CS and emerging information of systemic disease associated with CS. We will also review recently published promising treatment outcomes using immune modulating medications.SummaryAs our framework for recognizing the markers of CS and the associated systemic disorders expands, more effective guidelines and treatment options may emerge.
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - June 15, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Genetic and Environmental Contributors for Celiac Disease
AbstractPurpose of ReviewCeliac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by gluten. The purpose of this review is to examine the major genetic and environmental factors that contribute to CD pathogenesis.Recent FindingsWe reviewed the current state of knowledge on the genetic and environmental components that play a role in CD onset. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis has highlighted several genes other than HLA involved in CD. Recent studies have shown that HLA haplotype influences the microbiome composition in infants and that dysbiosis in the intestinal microflora, in turn, contributes to loss of...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - July 17, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Laser Light Therapy in Inflammatory, Musculoskeletal, and Autoimmune Disease
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe goal of this review is to summarize the field to date and to discuss strengths and limitations of low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) for the future investigation as a treatment of inflammatory disease.Recent FindingsLLLT is a promising therapeutic, particularly for those diseases of skin and joints because they are most accessible to treatment. Indeed, the known mechanisms of LLLT support its use for anti-inflammatory purposes, as well as stimulation of tissue growth and repair. Although the standard of care for the majority of inflammatory diseases is immunosuppressive agents such as corti...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - July 1, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Dysregulation of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Common Variable Immunodeficiency
AbstractCommon variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most prevalent symptomatic primary immune deficiency. With widespread use of immunoglobulin replacement therapy, non-infectious complications, such as autoimmunity, chronic intestinal inflammation, and lung disease, have replaced infections as the major cause of morbidity and mortality in this immune deficiency. The pathogenic mechanisms that underlie the development of these complications in CVID are not known; however, there have been numerous associated laboratory findings. Among the most intriguing of these associations is elevation of interferon signature genes in...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - October 5, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Contemporary Use of Corticosteroids in Rhinology
AbstractPurpose of ReviewExogenously administered corticosteroids are widely used today in the field of rhinology. Allergic rhinitis (AR), non-allergic rhinitis (NAR), acute rhinosinusitis (ARS), chronic rhinosinusitis with (CRSwNP) and without (CRSsNP) nasal polyps, and autoimmune disorders with nasal manifestations are common diseases treated effectively with intranasal and oral glucocorticoids. We focus on physiological pathways, therapeutic benefits, indications, contra-indications, and side effects of glucocorticoid utilization in the treatment of rhinologic disorders such as AR, NAR, ARS, CRSsNP, and CRSwNP.Recent Fi...
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - February 22, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Immune Gamma Globulin Therapeutic Indications in Immune Deficiency and Autoimmunity
Abstract Immune gamma globulin (IgG) has a long history in the treatment of both primary immune deficiency and autoimmune disorders. Disease indications continue to expand and new-generation products increase the versatility of delivery. This review encompasses a historical perspective as well as current and future implications of human immune globulin for the treatment of immune-mediated illness.
Source: Current Allergy and Asthma Reports - July 10, 2016 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

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