Practical solutions to forensic contextual bias.
In 2009, the National Research Council (NRC) globally criticized forensic science and, in particular, the potential for contextual bias to increase errors in forensic examination. Nevertheless, very few research-based solutions have been proposed and, of the current recommendations, none are consistently used in practice. Two experiments are presented here. Experiment 1 replicates and extends the Quigley-McBride and Wells (2018) study in which fingerprint lineups (the Filler-Control Procedure) were shown to neutralize the effect of contextual information on novice fingerprint evaluations. Experiment 2 demonstrates that res...
Source: Zeitschrift fur Psychologie - July 20, 2020 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Forensic source conclusions: Twenty threats to validity.
Forensic science evidence may be the most powerful weapon in the arsenal of law enforcement officials and prosecutors. As such, it is important to be aware of factors that threaten the validity of forensic source conclusions (e.g., “This bullet was fired from that gun”). This paper identifies 20 threats to the validity of forensic source conclusions including threats that spring from (a) the evidentiary samples themselves, (b) forensic examiners and the procedures they use, (c) features of the law, and (d) cognitive limitations of jurors and others who must weigh forensic science source claims. (PsycInfo Database Recor...
Source: Zeitschrift fur Psychologie - July 20, 2020 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
The psychology of forensic evidence.
This special issue reaches out to researchers and practitioners alike and aspires to generate a dialogue between all players involved in the investigation and evaluation of forensic evidence, including forensic experts, attorneys, jurors, and judges. Indeed, most of the studies in this special issue highlight the need for maximizing safeguards and the importance of proper training among forensic experts and legal practitioners. This can best be accomplished when representatives from different disciplines and professions, law and psychology, research and practice, form allegiances. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, al...
Source: Zeitschrift fur Psychologie - July 20, 2020 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Effects of HEXACO traits and experimental provocation on aggression.
The aim of this study was to explore the effects of HEXACO traits and levels of provocation on aggressive behavior. The sample consisted of 168 participants randomly assigned to no-, low- or high-provocation conditions. Aggression was induced by the Taylor Aggression Paradigm, in which participants competed in a reaction time task wherein they received “punishments,” depending on the condition. The participants were also able to deliver the punishments, which represented the measure of aggression. Results showed that Honesty-Humility had substantively negative effects on aggression, regardless of the condition. Surpris...
Source: Zeitschrift fur Psychologie - August 8, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Investigating relative and absolute methods of measuring HEXACO personality using self- and observer reports.
This study explored the RP method for the measurement of personality. Specifically, we investigated the convergence of the RP with traditional (i.e., Likert-type) personality measures and the convergence between self- and observer reports. Both members of 142 Australian well-acquainted dyads rated themselves and their counterpart using the traditional Likert-type HEXACO-100 and a 25-item RP assessment of the HEXACO facets. Two weeks later, 78 participants completed the RP assessment again, allowing the assessment of test-retest reliability. The RP ratings showed mostly moderate reliability, though generally lower reliabili...
Source: Zeitschrift fur Psychologie - August 8, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Gamified personality assessment: Virtual behavior cues of honesty-humility.
This study found that even under faking instructions the virtual cues were related to Honesty-Humility, however, the virtual cues were just as fakeable as self-reported Honesty-Humility. Our results imply that virtual cues can be incorporated in serious games to measure personality. Future research may investigate whether the identified virtual cues are able to predict important Honesty-Humility related outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Zeitschrift fur Psychologie)
Source: Zeitschrift fur Psychologie - August 8, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
The nature and nurture of HEXACO personality trait differences: An extended twin family study.
This study was designed to provide detailed estimates of genetic and environmental sources of variance in the HEXACO personality traits. For this purpose, we analyzed data from a German extended twin family study including 573 pairs of twins as well as 208 mothers, 119 fathers, 228 spouses, and 143 offspring of twins. All participants provided self-reports on the HEXACO-60. Extended twin family analyses using structural equation modeling (SEM) yielded that additive and nonadditive genetic influences accounted for about 50% of the variance in personality traits. The remaining variance was primarily due to individual-specifi...
Source: Zeitschrift fur Psychologie - August 8, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Meta-analytic investigations of the HEXACO Personality Inventory(-Revised): Reliability generalization, self–observer agreement, intercorrelations, and relations to demographic variables.
The six dimensions of the HEXACO model of personality are most commonly measured via the HEXACO Personality Inventory(-Revised) (HEXACO-PI(-R)), which comes in three versions (60, 100, and 200 items) and is available as a self- and observer report form in several languages. The present study meta-analytically investigates the psychometric properties of the HEXACO-PI(-R), relying on empirical data from 549 independent samples providing information about 316,133 individuals. In particular, we performed reliability generalization meta-analyses to examine internal consistency, determined self–observer agreement, investigated...
Source: Zeitschrift fur Psychologie - August 8, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
The HEXACO model in education and work: Current applications and future directions.
Researchers have long been interested in examining relationships between personality traits and performance in applied settings. Although the Big Five remains the most prevalent model of personality, studies adopting an alternative personality model known as the HEXACO model have been increasing in the past decade (e.g., Ashton et al., 2004; Lee & Ashton, 2004). The aims of the present paper are three-fold: First, we systematically review the literature on the HEXACO model and its applications in educational and work settings. Second, we introduce an emerging applied personality framework for use in educational research an...
Source: Zeitschrift fur Psychologie - August 8, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
On the curious history of the big six: Variable selection and “moral exclusion” in the formation of fundamental personality models.
The Big Five became the foremost model of personality-trait structure in the last three decades, but was formed out of item/variable selections that partially or totally omitted dispositional content related to morality, ethics, integrity, and honesty. Such morality-relevant content has, for several reasons reviewed, extreme importance within the dimension of dispositional tendencies. Previous histories of the Big Five ignore details that account for this pattern of moral-content exclusion, exclusion that tended to impede identification of a key factor in a Big Six or HEXACO model. Here, a set of frequently referenced and ...
Source: Zeitschrift fur Psychologie - August 8, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
New developments in HEXACO personality research.
The editors believe that the articles in this topical issue offer a valuable addition to the literature on the HEXACO personality factors, their assessment, and their correlates. Furthermore, they point to several unresolved issues and questions, which may ultimately extend the editors' knowledge of the configuration, causes, and consequences of personality (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Zeitschrift fur Psychologie)
Source: Zeitschrift fur Psychologie - August 8, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Psychological work on the sustainable development goals: Much achieved, even more to do.
This issue of the Zeitschrift für Psychologie illustrates prototypic approaches by psychological researchers to support the call for promoting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). If one wants to improve well-being or foster quality education for people of all ages and backgrounds, this requires an understanding of the antecedents of such behaviors, adequate assessments, and relevant interventions to pursuing such behaviors. Obviously not everything on this research agenda needs a fresh start, because many theoretical models, measurement tools, and programs exist as blue prints. Given the variation of populations and...
Source: Zeitschrift fur Psychologie - June 20, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
What does it take for young people to be able to contribute to and benefit from the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals?
The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs; United Nations, 2015) have coincided with a unique set of demographic circumstances in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), presenting both an opportunity and a challenge for policy. Increased infant and child survival has created a demographic dividend involving the largest ever population of young people; investing in their well-being and development promises extraordinary returns to the individuals concerned, and to their families, communities, and societies. Much has already been achieved over recent decades through economic growth and infrastructural and ...
Source: Zeitschrift fur Psychologie - June 20, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Reaching beyond the academic comfort zone: Pursuit of the SDGs requires bridging the research–policy gap and involvement of beneficiaries.
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was adopted by the United Nations in October 2015. Signatories are responsible for integrating the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into national policies and planning, setting nationally appropriate targets, and monitoring progress toward realization of the SDGs using “high quality, accessible, timely and reliable disaggregated data.” The emphasis is therefore on the SDGs and their targets. How to reach themis the critical question. The authors in this special issue all provide pointers to the role of psychology and related disciplines in contributing to the SDG process....
Source: Zeitschrift fur Psychologie - June 20, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Longitudinal research for sustainable development: Toward a policy-driven agenda.
The Sustainable Development Agenda (United Nations, 2015) emphasizes measurement and monitoring progress of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets, stressing the need for “a data revolution for sustainable development … to improve the quality of statistics and information available to citizens and governments” (UN, 2013, p. 21). Children, adolescents, and youth are also a focus of concern. A number of longstanding cohort studies in developing countries have produced a range of important findings on children’s well-being and development. At the same time, there is growing recognition of the potential of long...
Source: Zeitschrift fur Psychologie - June 20, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
