Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.

[CORRIGENDUM] Corrigendum: Mechanism of Bone Mineralization
(Source: Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine)
Source: Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine - August 2, 2020 Category: Research Authors: Murshed, M. Tags: CORRIGENDUM Source Type: research

[PERSPECTIVES] Influenza Hemagglutinin Structures and Antibody Recognition
Hemagglutinin (HA) is most abundant glycoprotein on the influenza virus surface. Influenza HA promotes viral entry by engaging the receptor and mediating virus–host membrane fusion. At the same time, HA is the major antigen of the influenza virus. HA antigenic shift can result in pandemics, whereas antigenic drift allows human circulating strains to escape herd immunity. Most antibody responses against HA are strain-specific. However, antibodies that have neutralizing activities against multiple strains or even subtypes have now been discovered and characterized. These broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) target c...
Source: Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine - August 2, 2020 Category: Research Authors: Wu, N. C., Wilson, I. A. Tags: Influenza: The Cutting Edge PERSPECTIVES Source Type: research

[PERSPECTIVES] Quantifying between-Host Transmission in Influenza Virus Infections
The error-prone replication and life cycle of influenza virus generate a diverse set of genetic variants. Transmission between hosts strictly limits both the number of virus particles and the genetic diversity of virus variants that reach a new host and establish an infection. This sharp reduction in the virus population at transmission––the transmission bottleneck––is significant to the evolution of influenza virus and to its epidemic and pandemic potential. This review describes transmission bottlenecks and their effect on the diversity and evolution of influenza virus. It also reviews the methods...
Source: Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine - August 2, 2020 Category: Research Authors: Johnson, K. E. E., Ghedin, E. Tags: Influenza: The Cutting Edge PERSPECTIVES Source Type: research

[TECHNIQUE] Zebrafish In Vivo Models of Cancer and Metastasis
Metastasis, the dispersal of cancer cells from a primary tumor to secondary sites within the body, is the leading cause of cancer-related death. Animal models have been an indispensable tool to investigate the complex interactions between the cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment during the metastatic cascade. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a powerful vertebrate model for studying metastatic events in vivo. The zebrafish has many attributes including ex-utero development, which facilitates embryonic manipulation, as well as optically transparent tissues, which enables in vivo imaging of fluorescently labe...
Source: Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine - August 2, 2020 Category: Research Authors: Astell, K. R., Sieger, D. Tags: Metastasis: Mechanism to Therapy TECHNIQUE Source Type: research

[PERSPECTIVES] New Approaches on Cancer Immunotherapy
Metastasis, which occurs when cancer cells disseminate from the primary tumor site to other parts of the body, is the primary cause of mortality in patients, and the recurrence of multiple metastatic tumors is an obstacle to eliminating cancer. Recent clinical studies demonstrated that patients who respond to immunotherapy have longer survival rates with lower metastatic relapse, suggesting that immunotherapy may be one of the solutions to overcome cancer metastasis. Indeed, various host immune cells not only shape the tumor microenvironment but also participate in multiple stages of metastasis. Therefore, to improve clini...
Source: Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine - August 2, 2020 Category: Research Authors: Cha, J.-H., Chan, L.-C., Song, M. S., Hung, M.-C. Tags: Metastasis: Mechanism to Therapy PERSPECTIVES Source Type: research

[PERSPECTIVES] Tumor-Based Genetic Testing and Familial Cancer Risk
As genetic testing on somatic tumor tissue becomes a more routine part of personalized cancer treatment, a growing opportunity arises to identify hereditary germline variants within those results. These germline results can affect future cancer screening for both patients and their family members. Finding this germline information can be complicated as a result of differences between somatic and germline testing processes, nomenclature, and outcome goals (e.g., treatment impact). The goal of this review is to highlight differences between somatic and germline testing and outline a potential guide to allow for appropriate c...
Source: Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine - August 2, 2020 Category: Research Authors: Forman, A., Sotelo, J. Tags: Genetic Counseling: Clinical Practice and Ethical Considerations PERSPECTIVES Source Type: research

[PERSPECTIVES] Informed Consent in the Genomics Era
Informed consent, the process of gathering autonomous authorization for a medical intervention or medical research participation, is a fundamental component of medical practice. Medical informed consent assumes decision-making capacity, voluntariness, comprehension, and adequate information. The increasing use of genetic testing, particularly genomic sequencing, in clinical and research settings has presented many new challenges for clinicians and researchers when obtaining informed consent. Many of these challenges revolve around the need for patient comprehension of sufficient information. Genomic sequencing is complex&m...
Source: Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine - August 2, 2020 Category: Research Authors: Rego, S., Grove, M. E., Cho, M. K., Ormond, K. E. Tags: Genetic Counseling: Clinical Practice and Ethical Considerations PERSPECTIVES Source Type: research

[PERSPECTIVES] Metabolic Role of PTEN in Insulin Signaling and Resistance
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is most prominently known for its function in tumorigenesis. However, a metabolic role of PTEN is emerging as a result of its altered expression in type 2 diabetes (T2D), which results in impaired insulin signaling and promotion of insulin resistance during the pathogenesis of T2D. PTEN functions in regulating insulin signaling across different organs have been identified. Through the use of a variety of models, such as tissue-specific knockout (KO) mice and in vitro cell cultures, PTEN's role in regulating insulin action has been elucidated across many cell types. Herein, we will revi...
Source: Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine - August 2, 2020 Category: Research Authors: Li, Y. Z., Di Cristofano, A., Woo, M. Tags: The PTEN Family PERSPECTIVES Source Type: research

[RETROSPECTIVE] Discovery of the PTEN Tumor Suppressor and Its Connection to the PI3K and AKT Oncogenes
PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10) was discovered over 20 years ago in 1997 and linked to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and AKT oncogenes the following year. The discovery of PTEN emerged from the linked concepts of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that cause and prevent cancer and the fields of tumor viruses and human cancer genetics from which these two concepts arose. While much has been learned since, the initial discovery and characterization, including the discovery that PTEN is a regulator of PI3K and AKT, provide the foundation on which we continue to build our knowledge. To provi...
Source: Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine - August 2, 2020 Category: Research Authors: Parsons, R. Tags: The PTEN Family RETROSPECTIVE Source Type: research

[PERSPECTIVES] The Ecology and Evolution of Influenza Viruses
The patterns and processes of influenza virus evolution are of fundamental importance, underpinning such traits as the propensity to emerge in new host species and the ability to rapidly generate antigenic variation. Herein, we review key aspects of the ecology and evolution of influenza viruses. We begin with an exploration of the origins of influenza viruses within the orthomyxoviruses, showing how our perception of the evolutionary history of these viruses has been transformed with metagenomic sequencing. We then outline the diversity of virus subtypes in different species and the processes by which these viruses have e...
Source: Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine - June 30, 2020 Category: Research Authors: Wille, M., Holmes, E. C. Tags: Influenza: The Cutting Edge PERSPECTIVES Source Type: research

[PERSPECTIVES] Ferreting Out Influenza Virus Pathogenicity and Transmissibility: Past and Future Risk Assessments in the Ferret Model
As influenza A viruses continue to jump species barriers, data generated in the ferret model to assess influenza virus pathogenicity, transmissibility, and tropism of these novel strains continues to inform an increasing scope of public health–based applications. This review presents the suitability of ferrets as a small mammalian model for influenza viruses and describes the breadth of pathogenicity and transmissibility profiles possible in this species following inoculation with a diverse range of viruses. Adaptation of aerobiology-based techniques and analyses have furthered our understanding of data obtained from...
Source: Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine - June 30, 2020 Category: Research Authors: Belser, J. A., Pulit-Penaloza, J. A., Maines, T. R. Tags: Influenza: The Cutting Edge PERSPECTIVES Source Type: research

[PERSPECTIVES] Extracellular Vesicles and Metastasis
Secretion of cell contents through extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes and microvesicles, is a fundamental cell behavior. Compared with their normal counterparts, cancer cells are different in the amount and composition of EVs they secrete as a result of intrinsic and extrinsic (microenvironmental) alterations. Although EVs were originally recognized as a means to remove undesired cell components, recent studies show their critical role in mediating intercellular interaction through cargo transport. In cancer, EVs can be transferred between different cancer cell subpopulations and between cancer and normal cells...
Source: Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine - June 30, 2020 Category: Research Authors: Wang, S. E. Tags: Metastasis: Mechanism to Therapy PERSPECTIVES Source Type: research

[PERSPECTIVES] Cancer Stem Cells and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer Metastasis
The cancer stem cell (CSC) concept stands for undifferentiated tumor cells with the ability to initiate heterogeneous tumors. It is also relevant in metastasis and can explain how metastatic tumors mirror the heterogeneity of primary tumors. Cellular plasticity, including the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), enables the generation of CSCs at different steps of the metastatic process including metastatic colonization. In this review, we update the concept of CSCs and provide evidence of the existence of metastatic stem cells (MetSCs). In addition, we highlight the nuanced understanding of EMT that has been gained...
Source: Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine - June 30, 2020 Category: Research Authors: Celia-Terrassa, T., Jolly, M. K. Tags: Metastasis: Mechanism to Therapy PERSPECTIVES Source Type: research

[PERSPECTIVES] A Person-Centered Approach to Cardiovascular Genetic Testing
Cardiovascular genetic counselors provide guidance to people facing the reality or prospect of inherited cardiovascular conditions. Key activities in this role include discussing clinical cardiac screening for at-risk family members and offering genetic testing. Psychological factors often influence whether patients choose to have genetic testing and how they understand and communicate the results to at-risk relatives, so psychological counseling increases the impact of genetic education and medical recommendations. This work reviews the literature on the factors that influence patient decisions about cardiovascular geneti...
Source: Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine - June 30, 2020 Category: Research Authors: Platt, J. Tags: Genetic Counseling: Clinical Practice and Ethical Considerations PERSPECTIVES Source Type: research

[PERSPECTIVES] Predictive Genetic Counseling for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Past, Present, and Future
Predictive genetic counseling for neurodegenerative diseases commenced with Huntington's disease (HD). Because the psychological issues and outcomes have been best studied in HD, the HD genetic counseling and testing protocol is still accepted as the gold standard for genetic counseling for these diseases. Yet, advances in genomic technology have produced an abundance of new information about the genetics of diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. The resulting expansion of genetic tests together with the availability of direct-to-consumer testi...
Source: Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine - June 30, 2020 Category: Research Authors: Goldman, J. S. Tags: Genetic Counseling: Clinical Practice and Ethical Considerations PERSPECTIVES Source Type: research