Erratum
Brain Behav Evol (Source: Brain, Behavior and Evolution)
Source: Brain, Behavior and Evolution - June 22, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
The Phylogenetic Roots of Addiction: Compulsive Drug Seeking, Natural and Drug-Sensitive Reward, and the Acquisition of Learned Habits
Brain Behav Evol (Source: Brain, Behavior and Evolution)
Source: Brain, Behavior and Evolution - June 3, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Topological Analysis of the Brainstem of the Australian Lungfish < b > < i > Neoceratodus forsteri < /i > < /b >
This study is intended to serve a double purpose. First it concludes and completes a series of publications on the structure of the brainstem in representative species of all groups of anamniote vertebrates. Within the framework of this comparative program the cell masses in the brainstem and their positional relations are analyzed in the light of the Herrick-Johnston concept, according to which the brainstem nuclei are arranged in four longitudinal, functional zones or columns, the boundaries of which are marked by ventricular sulci. The procedure employed in this analysis essentially involves two steps: first, the cell m...
Source: Brain, Behavior and Evolution - May 31, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
The Effects of Domestication on the Brain and Behavior of the Chicken in the Light of Evolution
The avian class is characterized by particularly strong variability in their domesticated species. With more than 250 breeds and highly efficient commercial lines, domestic chickens represent the outcome of a really long period of artificial selection. One characteristic of domestication is the alterations in brain size and brain composition. The influence of domestication on brain morphology has been reviewed in the past, but mostly with a focus on mammals. Studies on avian species have seldom been taken into account. In this review, we would like to give an overview about the changes and variations in (brain) morphology ...
Source: Brain, Behavior and Evolution - May 27, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Neocortical Anatomy in the South American Plains Vizcacha, < b > < i > Lagostomus maximus < /i > < /b > , Reveals Different Strategies in Encephalic Development among Hystricomorpha and Myomorpha Rodents
In conclusion, gyrencephalic neuroanatomy in the vizcacha could have developed from the balance between the brain size, the presence of invaginations, and the cortical thickness, which resulted in a mixed encephalizat ion strategy for the species. Gyrencephaly in the vizcacha, as well as in other Hystricomorpha, advocates in favor of the proposal that in the more recently evolved Myomorpha lissencephaly would have arisen from a phenotype reversal process.Brain Behav Evol (Source: Brain, Behavior and Evolution)
Source: Brain, Behavior and Evolution - April 28, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
The Streetlight Effect: Reappraising the Study of Addiction in Light of the Findings of Genome-wide Association Studies
Drug dependence has long been thought to have a genetic component. Research seeking to identify the genetic basis of addiction has gone through important transitions over its history, in part based upon the emergence of new technologies, but also as the result of changing perspectives. Early research approaches were largely dictated by available technology, with technological advancements having highly transformative effects on genetic research, but the limitations of technology also affected modes of thinking about the genetic causes of disease. This review explores these transitions in thinking about the genetic causes o...
Source: Brain, Behavior and Evolution - April 13, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
< b > < i > Caenorhabditis elegans < /i > < /b > as an in vivo Model to Assess Amphetamine Tolerance
Amphetamine is a potent psychostimulant also used to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. In vivo and in vitro data have demonstrated that amphetamine increases the amount of extra synaptic dopamine by both inhibiting reuptake and promoting efflux of dopamine through the dopamine transporter. Previous studies have shown that chronic use of amphetamine causes tolerance to the drug. Thus, since the molecular mechanisms underlying tolerance to amphetamine are still unknown, an animal model to identify the neurochemical mechanisms associated with drug tolerance is greatly needed. Here we took advantag...
Source: Brain, Behavior and Evolution - April 8, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Illusions, Delusions, and Your Backwards Bayesian Brain: A Biased Visual Perspective
The retinal image is insufficient for determining what is “out there,” because many different real-world geometries could produce any given retinal image. Thus, the visual system must infer which external cause is most likely, given both the sensory data and prior knowledge that is either innate or learned via interactions with the environment. We will describe a general framework of “hierarchical Bayesian inference” that we and others have used to explore the role of cortico-cortical feedback in the visual system, and we will further argue that this approach to “seeing” makes our visual systems prone to percep...
Source: Brain, Behavior and Evolution - March 30, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
The Deep Roots of Addiction: A Comparative Perspective
Addiction is a debilitating condition that extracts enormous social and economic tolls. Despite several decades of research, our knowledge of its etiology, preventive measures, and treatments is limited. A relatively recent research field with the potential to provide a more holistic understanding, and subsequently treatments, takes a phylogenetic view of addiction. This perspective is based on deep homologies at the genetic, proteomic, and behavioral levels, which are shared across all metazoan life; particularly those organisms faced with plant secondary metabolites as defensive compounds against insect herbivory. These ...
Source: Brain, Behavior and Evolution - February 10, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Potential Contribution of the Intestinal Microbiome to Phenethylamine-Induced Hyperthermia
Phenethylamines (e.g., methamphetamine) are a common source of drug toxicity. Phenethylamine-induced hyperthermia (PIH) can activate a cascade of events that may result in rhabdomyolysis, coagulopathy, and even death. Here, we review recent evidence that suggests a potential link between the gut-brain axis and PIH. Within the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, phenethylamines lead to changes in catecholamine levels, that activate the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and increase the peripheral levels of norepinephrine (NE), resulting in: (1) the loss of heat dissipation through α1 adrenergic receptor ( α1-AR)-mediated va...
Source: Brain, Behavior and Evolution - January 20, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Ontogenetic Shifts in Brain Size and Brain Organization of the Atlantic Sharpnose Shark, < b > < i > Rhizoprionodon terraenovae < /i > < /b >
This study quantified changes in brain-body scaling and the scaling of six major brain regions (olfactory bulbs, telencephalon, diencephalon, optic tectum, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata) throughout ontogeny in the Atlantic sha rpnose shark,Rhizoprio nodon terraenovae. As documented in other fishes, brain size increased significantly with body mass throughout ontogeny in this species, with the steepest period of growth in early life. The telencephalon, diencephalon, optic tectum, and medulla oblongata scaled with negative allometry against the rest of the brain throughout ontogeny. However, notably, the olfactory bulb...
Source: Brain, Behavior and Evolution - November 23, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Convergence of Olfactory Inputs within the Central Nervous System of a Cartilaginous and a Bony Fish: An Anatomical Indicator of Olfactory Sensitivity
This study provides an in-depth analysis of the neuroanatomical organisation of the ascending olfactory pathway in two fish taxa and a quantitative anatomical comparison of the summation of olfactory information. Our results support the assertion that relative OB volume is a good indicator of the level of olfactory input and thereby a proxy for olfactory capabilities.Brain Behav Evol (Source: Brain, Behavior and Evolution)
Source: Brain, Behavior and Evolution - November 10, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Getting the Most Out of Your Zombie: Abdominal Sensors and Neural Manipulations Help Jewel Wasps Find the Roach ’s Weak Spot
The parasitoid emerald jewel wasp (Ampulex compressa) subdues the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) with a sting to the 1st thoracic ganglion, followed by a sting to the roach ’s brain, causing long-term pacification. The wasp then leads the cockroach to a hole where it lays an egg on the roach middle leg before barricading the entrance and departing. Although many aspects of the wasp’s initial attack have been investigated, few studies have detailed the egg-laying pr ocess and the subsequent fate of the larvae. Here I show that larval survival depends on precise egg positioning on the cockroach by the female ...
Source: Brain, Behavior and Evolution - October 30, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
The 40th Annual Meeting of the J.B. Johnston Club for Evolutionary Neuroscience and the 32nd Annual Karger Workshop in Evolutionary Neuroscience
Brain Behav Evol (Source: Brain, Behavior and Evolution)
Source: Brain, Behavior and Evolution - October 16, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Sex Differences in the Swordtail < b > < i > Xiphophorus hellerii < /i > < /b > Revealed by a New Method to Investigate Volumetric Data
Comparing the relative volumes of body parts is a useful tool in morphology, but it is not trivial to do this in animals that differ in overall size. To account for scaling differences, a “reference size” has to be determined and the original absolute volumes have to be “corrected for” by this scaling reference. However, the outcome of a statistical analysis is greatly affected by this “reference size,” and it is practically impossible to determine the “overall size” of a structure independent of the changes in the relative size of the parts of it. Here, a new method is introduced to compare the relative vo...
Source: Brain, Behavior and Evolution - September 9, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
