Pattern Recognition Beyond the Surface: Soluble Pattern Recognition and Their Role in Periodontitis

AbstractPurpose of ReviewPattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are important mediators of tissue homeostasis. Soluble forms of PRRs, including a novel group of molecules called peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) have very important regulatory roles. However, they remain poorly understood compared to other forms of PRRs, particularly in the context of periodontitis. In this review, we discuss the different types of soluble PRRs, their functions, and the limited knowledge available about their regulation during periodontitis. We introduce PGRPs and the emerging data on their expression during periodontitis.Recent FindingsInterest in soluble PRRs continues to grow due to their tremendous value in diagnostic and therapeutic application. Specific mechanisms of how soluble PRRs are generated have now been identified including alternative spicing, ectodomain shedding, and diffusion from membrane PRRs. Proteins that have PRR functions but no corresponding membrane PRR have also been identified. They are collectively termed as pattern recognition molecules (PRMs). PGRPs are the newest members of these human PRM. Four isoforms of PGRP, namely, PGRP1, PGRP2, PGRP3, and PGRP4, have been identified. Consensus is emerging that PRMs are generally elevated in serum, gingival crevicular fluid, and saliva during periodontitis, and the levels of PRMs reduce with non-surgical therapy. However, the relationship between periodontitis and levels of soluble isoforms of membrane-bound PRRs is ...

Source: Current Oral Health Reports - November 12, 2022 Category: Dentistry Source Type: research