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Source: Comprehensive Physiology

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Total 231 results found since Jan 2013.

Effects of Stroke on the Autonomic Nervous System.
Authors: Dorrance AM, Fink G Abstract Stroke is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States and the second most common cause of death worldwide; stroke is also the leading cause of long-term disability worldwide. It is clear that the consequences of cerebral ischemia reach beyond the brain into the periphery, and a significant number of stroke related deaths are the result of conditions that develop poststroke in the periphery. The two leading causes of non-neurogenic death poststroke are cardiac abnormalities and infections. Changes in autonomic nervous system function that favor increased sympathetic n...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - July 4, 2015 Category: Physiology Tags: Compr Physiol Source Type: research

Human Physiology in an Aquatic Environment.
Authors: Pendergast DR, Moon RE, Krasney JJ, Held HE, Zamparo P Abstract Water covers over 70% of the earth, has varying depths and temperatures and contains much of the earth's resources. Head-out water immersion (HOWI) or submersion at various depths (diving) in water of thermoneutral (TN) temperature elicits profound cardiorespiratory, endocrine, and renal responses. The translocation of blood into the thorax and elevation of plasma volume by autotransfusion of fluid from cells to the vascular compartment lead to increased cardiac stroke volume and output and there is a hyperperfusion of some tissues. Pulmonary ...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - October 3, 2015 Category: Physiology Tags: Compr Physiol Source Type: research

Human cardiovascular responses to passive heat stress.
Authors: Crandall CG, Wilson TE Abstract Heat stress increases human morbidity and mortality compared to normothermic conditions. Many occupations, disease states, as well as stages of life are especially vulnerable to the stress imposed on the cardiovascular system during exposure to hot ambient conditions. This review focuses on the cardiovascular responses to heat stress that are necessary for heat dissipation. To accomplish this regulatory feat requires complex autonomic nervous system control of the heart and various vascular beds. For example, during heat stress cardiac output increases up to twofold, by incr...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - January 16, 2015 Category: Physiology Tags: Compr Physiol Source Type: research

Atrial Fibrillation: Mechanisms, Therapeutics, and Future Directions.
Authors: Pellman J, Sheikh F Abstract Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia, affecting 1% to 2% of the general population. It is characterized by rapid and disorganized atrial activation leading to impaired atrial function, which can be diagnosed on an EKG by lack of a P-wave and irregular QRS complexes. AF is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and is a risk factor for embolic stroke and worsening heart failure. Current research on AF support and explore the hypothesis that initiation and maintenance of AF require pathophysiological remodeling of the atria, either specific...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - April 17, 2015 Category: Physiology Tags: Compr Physiol Source Type: research

Mechanics of Vascular Smooth Muscle.
Authors: Ratz PH Abstract Vascular smooth muscle (VSM; see Table 1 for a list of abbreviations) is a heterogeneous biomaterial comprised of cells and extracellular matrix. By surrounding tubes of endothelial cells, VSM forms a regulated network, the vasculature, through which oxygenated blood supplies specialized organs, permitting the development of large multicellular organisms. VSM cells, the engine of the vasculature, house a set of regulated nanomotors that permit rapid stress-development, sustained stress-maintenance and vessel constriction. Viscoelastic materials within, surrounding and attached to VSM cells...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - January 16, 2016 Category: Physiology Tags: Compr Physiol Source Type: research

Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise Training.
Authors: Hellsten Y, Nyberg M Abstract Aerobic exercise training leads to cardiovascular changes that markedly increase aerobic power and lead to improved endurance performance. The functionally most important adaptation is the improvement in maximal cardiac output which is the result of an enlargement in cardiac dimension, improved contractility, and an increase in blood volume, allowing for greater filling of the ventricles and a consequent larger stroke volume. In parallel with the greater maximal cardiac output, the perfusion capacity of the muscle is increased, permitting for greater oxygen delivery. To accomm...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - January 16, 2016 Category: Physiology Tags: Compr Physiol Source Type: research

The Insular Cortex and the Regulation of Cardiac Function.
Authors: Oppenheimer S, Cechetto D Abstract Cortical representation of the heart challenges the orthodox view that cardiac regulation is confined to stereotyped, preprogrammed and rigid responses to exteroceptive or interoceptive environmental stimuli. The insula has been the region most studied in this regard; the results of clinical, experimental, and functional radiological studies show a complex interweave of activity with patterns dynamically varying regarding lateralization and antero-posterior distribution of responsive insular regions. Either acting alone or together with other cortical areas including the ...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - April 12, 2016 Category: Physiology Tags: Compr Physiol Source Type: research

Role of Mitochondria in Cerebral Vascular Function: Energy Production, Cellular Protection, and Regulation of Vascular Tone.
Authors: Busija DW, Rutkai I, Dutta S, Katakam PV Abstract Mitochondria not only produce energy in the form of ATP to support the activities of cells comprising the neurovascular unit, but mitochondrial events, such as depolarization and/or ROS release, also initiate signaling events which protect the endothelium and neurons against lethal stresses via pre-/postconditioning as well as promote changes in cerebral vascular tone. Mitochondrial depolarization in vascular smooth muscle (VSM), via pharmacological activation of the ATP-dependent potassium channels on the inner mitochondrial membrane (mitoKATP channels), l...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - June 29, 2016 Category: Physiology Tags: Compr Physiol Source Type: research

Contribution of Maladaptive Adipose Tissue Expansion to Development of Cardiovascular Disease.
Authors: Jia G, Jia Y, Sowers JR Abstract The overweight and obesity epidemic has led to an increase in the metabolic syndrome and associated cardiovascular disease (CVD). These abnormalities include insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, vascular stiffness, hypertension, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Visceral white adipocyte tissue (WAT) expansion and associated fibrosis/stiffness of WAT promote insulin resistance and CVD through increases in proinflammatory adipokines, oxidative stress, activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, dysregulation of adipocyte apoptosis and autophagy, dysfunction...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - February 1, 2017 Category: Physiology Tags: Compr Physiol Source Type: research

Ischemia/Reperfusion.
Authors: Kalogeris T, Baines CP, Krenz M, Korthuis RJ Abstract Ischemic disorders, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, are the most common causes of debilitating disease and death in westernized cultures. The extent of tissue injury relates directly to the extent of blood flow reduction and to the length of the ischemic period, which influence the levels to which cellular ATP and intracellular pH are reduced. By impairing ATPase-dependent ion transport, ischemia causes intracellular and mitochondrial calcium levels to increase (calcium overload). Cell volume regulatory mechanisms...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - February 1, 2017 Category: Physiology Tags: Compr Physiol Source Type: research

ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels and Their Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles.
Authors: Tinker A, Aziz Q, Li Y, Specterman M Abstract ATP sensitive potassium channels (KATP ) are so named because they open as cellular ATP levels fall. This leads to membrane hyperpolarization and thus links cellular metabolism to membrane excitability. They also respond to MgADP and are regulated by a number of cell signaling pathways. They have a rich and diverse pharmacology with a number of agents acting as specific inhibitors and activators. KATP channels are formed of pore-forming subunits, Kir6.1 and Kir6.2, and a large auxiliary subunit, the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR1, SUR2A, and SUR2B). The Kir6.0 sub...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - September 16, 2018 Category: Physiology Tags: Compr Physiol Source Type: research

Preeclampsia: Linking Placental Ischemia with Maternal Endothelial and Vascular Dysfunction.
This article aims to discuss the current understanding of the diagnosis and pathophysiology of PE, as well as associated organ damage, maternal and fetal outcomes, and potential therapeutic avenues. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1315-1349, 2021. PMID: 33295016 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - December 11, 2020 Category: Physiology Tags: Compr Physiol Source Type: research

Physiology of Human Hemorrhage and Compensation.
Authors: Convertino VA, Koons NJ, Suresh MR Abstract Hemorrhage is a leading cause of death following traumatic injuries in the United States. Much of the previous work in assessing the physiology and pathophysiology underlying blood loss has focused on descriptive measures of hemodynamic responses such as blood pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, and vascular resistance as indicators of changes in organ perfusion. More recent work has shifted the focus toward understanding mechanisms of compensation for reduced systemic delivery and cellular utilization of oxygen as a more comprehensive approach t...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - February 13, 2021 Category: Physiology Tags: Compr Physiol Source Type: research

Vasculopathy in Sickle Cell Disease: From Red Blood Cell Sickling to Vascular Dysfunction
Compr Physiol. 2021 Apr 1;11(2):1785-1803. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c200024.ABSTRACTSickle cell disease (SCD) is a hereditary disorder that leads to the production of an abnormal hemoglobin, hemoglobin S (HbS). HbS polymerizes in deoxygenated conditions, which can prompt red blood cell (RBC) sickling and leaves the RBCs more rigid, fragile, and prone to hemolysis. SCD patients suffer from a plethora of complications, ranging from acute complications, such as characteristic, frequent, and debilitating vaso-occlusive episodes to chronic organ damage. While RBC sickling is the primary event at the origin of vaso-occlusive processes,...
Source: Comprehensive Physiology - April 1, 2021 Category: Physiology Authors: Elie Nader Nicola Conran Marc Romana Philippe Connes Source Type: research