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Source: Journal of Medical Entomology
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Total 409 results found since Jan 2013.
Infection of Immature Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) by Membrane Feeding
A reduction in the use of animals in infectious disease research is desirable for animal welfare as well as for simplification and standardization of experiments. An artificial silicone-based membrane-feeding system was adapted for complete engorgement of adult and nymphal Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), and for infecting nymphs with pathogenic, tick-borne bacteria. Six wild-type and genetically transformed strains of four species of bacteria were inoculated into sterile bovine blood and fed to ticks. Pathogens were consistently detected in replete nymphs by polymerase chain reaction. Adult ticks that ingested bac...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Oliver, J. D., Lynn, G. E., Burkhardt, N. Y., Price, L. D., Nelson, C. M., Kurtti, T. J., Munderloh, U. G. Tags: Vector/Pathogen/Host Interaction, Transmission Source Type: research
Seasonal Dynamics, Parity Rate, and Composition of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Occurring in the Vicinity of Wild and Domestic Ruminants in the Czech Republic
In the light of the emergence of bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses in northern and central Europe, an extensive entomological survey within the framework of a bluetongue control program was undertaken from 2008 to 2013 in the Czech Republic to investigate Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) collected in close proximity of domestic livestock and semiwild ruminants. Insects were sampled using CDC black-light suction traps placed overnight near ruminants in farms or in forest game preserves to provide data on Culicoides fauna collected near these two groups of hosts inhabiting different environments. From a...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Radrova, J., Mrackova, M., Galkova, Z., Lamka, J., Racka, K., Bartak, P., Votypka, J. Tags: Vector-Borne Diseases, Surveillance, Prevention Source Type: research
Temporal and Spatial Variability of Entomological Risk Indices for West Nile Virus Infection in Northern Colorado: 2006-2013
In this study, we present descriptive data from historical surveillance records spanning 2006–2013 to discern seasonal and yearly patterns of entomological risk for WNV infection. Also, we retrospectively test the hypothesis that entomological risk is correlated with human transmission risk and is heterogeneous within the City of Fort Collins. Four logistically relevant zones within the city were established and used to test this hypothesis. Zones in the eastern portion of the city consistently had significantly higher Culex abundance and VI compared with zones in the west, leading to higher entomological risk indica...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Fauver, J. R., Pecher, L., Schurich, J. A., Bolling, B. G., Calhoon, M., Grubaugh, N. D., Burkhalter, K. L., Eisen, L., Andre, B. G., Nasci, R. S., LeBailly, A., Ebel, G. D., Moore, C. G. Tags: Vector-Borne Diseases, Surveillance, Prevention Source Type: research
Specifying Pathogen Associations of Amblyomma maculatum (Acari: Ixodidae) in Western Tennessee
The objective was to determine pathogen associations within questing and host-collected A. maculatum, and identify ecological factors associated with pathogen infection that may increase the effectiveness of surveillance methods. Of 265 ticks tested, 60 (22.6%) were infected with R. parkeri, and 15 (5.7%) with Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae, a Rickettsia of unknown pathogenicity. Two deer-collected ticks tested positive for Ehrlichia ewingii. No ticks were positive for Anaplasma or Borrelia species. None of the ecological factors tested (collection month, collection source, sex, and habitat type) were associated with R. pa...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Mays, S. E., Houston, A. E., Trout Fryxell, R. T. Tags: Vector-Borne Diseases, Surveillance, Prevention Source Type: research
New Records of Ixodes affinis (Acari: Ixodidae) Parasitizing Avian Hosts in Southeastern Virginia
This study presents evidence of I. affinis parasitizing five new host passerine species. During 2012–2014, 1,888 birds were captured and examined for ticks, and 18 immature I. affinis were collected from 12 birds—six Carolina Wrens (Thyrothorus ludovicianus); two Brown Thrashers (Toxostoma rufum); and one American Robin (Turdus migratorius), Eastern Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus), Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), and White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis). Of 15 larvae and 3 nymphs collected, one nymph tested positive for B. burgdorferi DNA. I. affinis was found co-feeding on birds with imm...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Heller, E. L., Wright, C. L., Nadolny, R. M., Hynes, W. L., Gaff, H. D., Walters, E. L. Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research
Detecting Burrowing Owl Bloodmeals in Pulex irritans (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)
Pulex irritans L. is a cosmopolitan flea species that infests a wide variety of hosts. In North America it generally parasitizes large wild mammals, but in the Pacific Northwest an association has emerged between P. irritans and the western burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia hypugaea). While investigators have recognized this association for decades, it has not been clear if P. irritans feeds on burrowing owls, or if the owls serve exclusively as phoretic hosts. Here we describe using a real-time assay that was originally developed to identify bloodmeals in Ugandan cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis Bouché) to detect b...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Graham, C. B., Eisen, R. J., Belthoff, J. R. Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research
Evaluation of Human Attachment by Larval Amblyomma maculatum (Acari: Ixodidae)
The tick, Amblyomma maculatum Koch (Gulf Coast tick), has recently been shown to be an important disease vector of both medical and veterinary concern. Although much is known about the behavior and ecology of adults, little is known of the immatures. Larval feeding on humans has never been demonstrated (and thus, there are no collection records from humans). In this experiment, 10 larval A. maculatum, Amblyomma americanum (L.) (a positive control), and Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (a negative control), were applied to both forearms of 10 human volunteers (five male, five female). Ticks were placed in plastic caps and secur...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Portugal, J. S., Goddard, J. Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research
Comparison of Mosquito Magnet and Biogents Sentinel Traps for Operational Surveillance of Container-Inhabiting Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) Species
Container-inhabiting Aedes are among the most medically important mosquito vectors of diseases. They also impact health and quality of life by their persistent and severe biting. Monitoring of container-inhabiting Aedes species is challenging due to the need for specialized traps and lures. Biogents Sentinel (BGS) trap has become a standard for Aedes albopictus (Skuse) surveillance; however, it has substantial problems with durability, quality of construction, and sample exposure to the elements. The goal of this study was to develop a methodology for collecting medically important container-inhabiting Aedes species in num...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Rochlin, I., Kawalkowski, M., Ninivaggi, D. V. Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research
Trapping the Tiger: Efficacy of the Novel BG-Sentinel 2 With Several Attractants and Carbon Dioxide for Collecting Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Southern France
Targeted trapping of mosquito disease vectors plays an important role in the surveillance and control of mosquito-borne diseases. The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is an invasive species, which is spreading throughout the world, and is a potential vector of 24 arboviruses, particularly efficient in the transmission of chikungunya, dengue, and zika viruses. Using a 4 x 4 Latin square design, we assessed the efficacy of the new BG-Sentinel 2 mosquito trap using the attractants BG-lure and (R)-1-octen-3-ol cartridge, alone or in combination, and with and without carbon dioxide, for the field collection of Ae...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Roiz, D., Duperier, S., Roussel, M., Bousses, P., Fontenille, D., Simard, F., Paupy, C. Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research
Interspecific Interactions Between Adult Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)
Single and mixed species densities of adult Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus were manipulated to determine if different combinations affected their egg laying preference or mortality rates. Oviposition was measured in environments that contained containers of different surface areas (small cups vs. larger bowls), and the number of eggs (Aedes) and egg rafts or larvae (Culex) deposited by each species was examined with respect to intra- and interspecific density treatment levels. Mixed species densities did not have an effect on survivorship, but single species densities did affect longevity, with higher densitie...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Daniels, S., Ezeakacha, N. F., Yee, D. A. Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research
The Use of Microdispensers with Spatial Repellents for Personal Protection Against Mosquito Biting
Mosquito-borne pathogens affect millions of people worldwide. This work describes a new method to deliver spatial repellents. Functional microdispensers (FMDs) were designed to deliver spatial repellents against mosquitoes. In vivo trials showed that FMDs protect human subjects against mosquitoes by reducing 70–90% of bites received, with a protection that lasted up to 4 weeks. FMDs can be cost-effectively implemented as wearable or field-dispensed devices for local area protection, defined as a confined geographical region.
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Bernier, U. R., Clark, G. G., Gurman, P., Elman, N. M. Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research
Vector Competence and Capacity of Culex erraticus (Diptera: Culicidae) for Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in the Southeastern United States
Field studies of the ecology of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV; family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus) in the southeastern United States have demonstrated that Culex erraticus (Dyar and Knab) is the most common mosquito at many enzootic sites and is often infected with the virus. However, the competence of Cx. erraticus for EEEV has not been explored in detail. Culex erraticus females were collected from the field and fed upon EEEV-infected chicks. The infected mosquitoes were provided honey for nutrition and to monitor for time to infectiveness. Of the mosquitoes that survived the 14-d postfeeding period, 89% were...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Bingham, A. M., Burkett-Cadena, N. D., Hassan, H. K., Unnasch, T. R. Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research
Teratological Nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) From Wisconsin
Abnormalities of physiological development (teratological forms) in ticks are rare. The occurrence of gigantism, dwarfism, gynandromorphs, missing legs, extra legs, and asymmetries is most often reported from lab-reared specimens, but has been observed in field-collected specimens. All morphologically anomalous ticks (besides gynandromorphy) described to date are from species other than Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae). Here we describe four teratological I. scapularis nymphs collected while dragging vegetation in Wisconsin in 2015, including two asymmetrical ticks, one with a missing leg, and one with an extra leg.
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Larson, S. R., Paskewitz, S. M. Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research
OFF! Clip-on Repellent Device With Metofluthrin Tested on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) for Mortality at Different Time Intervals and Distances
The OFF! Clip-on mosquito-repellent device was tested outdoors against Aedes aegypti (L.). A single treatment device was used against batches of caged adult, nonblood fed Ae. aegypti at multiple locations 0.3 m from treatment center. Another set of cages was stationed 0.6 m from treatment. A final set of cages was placed 0.9 m away. Trials ran for durations of 5, 15, 30, and 60 min. Initial knockdown and mortality after 24 h was recorded. The devices had effective knockdown and mortality. This was not sustained at distances greater than 0.3 m from the device.
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Bibbs, C. S., Xue, R.-D. Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research
Erratum
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Tags: Erratum Source Type: research
