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Source: Journal of Medical Entomology
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Linkages of Weather and Climate With Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae), Enzootic Transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi, and Lyme Disease in North America
Lyme disease has increased both in incidence and geographic extent in the United States and Canada over the past two decades. One of the underlying causes is changes during the same time period in the distribution and abundance of the primary vectors: Ixodes scapularis Say and Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls in eastern and western North America, respectively. Aside from short periods of time when they are feeding on hosts, these ticks exist in the environment where temperature and relative humidity directly affect their development, survival, and host-seeking behavior. Other important factors that strongly influence tick...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Eisen, R. J., Eisen, L., Ogden, N. H., Beard, C. B. Tags: Forum Source Type: research
Innate Cellular Immune Responses in Aedes caspius (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes
Mosquitoes transmit a variety of pathogens that have devastating consequences for global public and veterinary health. Despite their capacity to serve as vectors, these insects have a robust capacity to respond to invading organisms with strong cellular and humoral immune responses. In Egypt, Aedes caspius (Pallas, 1771) has been suspected to act as a bridge vector of Rift Valley Fever virus between animals and humans. Microscopic analysis of Ae. caspius hemolymph revealed the presence of phagocytic cells called granulocytes. We further evaluated cellular immune responses produced by Ae. caspius as a result of exposure to ...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Soliman, D. E., Farid, H. A., Hammad, R. E., Gad, A. M., Bartholomay, L. C. Tags: Arthropod/Host Interaction, Immunity Source Type: research
Oviposition Behavior in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Response to the Presence of Heterospecific and Conspecific Larvae
In mosquitoes, location of suitable sites for oviposition requires a set of visual, tactile, and olfactory cues that influences females before laying their eggs. The ability of gravid females to distinguish among potential oviposition sites that will or will not support the growth, development, and survival of their progeny is critical. Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) share ecological niches, being highly competitive in larval stage. We studied the oviposition behavior of both species in the presence of larvae of one or the other species (heterospecific or conspecific larvae). The number of eggs laid by gra...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Gonzalez, P. V., Gonzalez Audino, P. A., Masuh, H. M. Tags: Behavior, Chemical Ecology Source Type: research
Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Oviposition Preference as Influenced by Container Size and Buddleja davidii Plants
Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is a container-breeding mosquito commonly found in residential areas of its range in the United States. Mosquitoes are known to utilize flowering plants for sugar acquisition. Limited information is known about the influences on oviposition site selection, outside of container size. Residential areas are often landscaped with a variety of flowering plants and are known to provide numerous sizes of potential larval developmental sites for container-breeding mosqutioes. Through screened enclosure and field studies, the oviposition preference of Ae. albopictus for containers of three selected sizes (4...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Davis, T. J., Kline, D. L., Kaufman, P. E. Tags: Behavior, Chemical Ecology Source Type: research
Embryo Development and Morphology of the Rocky Mountain Wood Tick (Acari: Ixodidae)
Dermacentor andersoni Stiles embryogenesis was observed using fluorescent and scanning electron microscopy for eggs held under laboratory conditions (25°C and at 93% relative humidity). Early embryonic cell divisions appeared to be synchronous and holoblastic, giving rise to a uniform blastoderm surrounding the yolk. The cells of the blastoderm became concentrated on one side of the embryo, forming the segmented germ band. Distinct opisthosomal and prosomal segment morphologies, which are characteristic of chelicerate embryos, were observed during germ band elongation. Mouth and leg appendages grew from the prosomal se...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Friesen, K. J., Dixon, M., Lysyk, T. J. Tags: Development, Life History Source Type: research
Association of Myianoetus muscarum (Acari: Histiostomatidae) With Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Wulp) (Diptera: Muscidae) on Human Remains
This report represents the first records of a mite associated with S. nudiseta in the continental United States. In particular, this association is believed to be of potential future value in forensic investigations, as it lends new insight into the community structure of colonizers on human remains in indoor environments.
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Pimsler, M. L., Owings, C. G., Sanford, M. R., OConnor, B. M., Teel, P. D., Mohr, R. M., Tomberlin, J. K. Tags: Direct Injury, Myiasis, Forensics Source Type: research
Entomofaunal Succession Patterns on Burnt and Unburnt Rabbit Carrion
The influence of burning on the decomposition of rabbit carcasses and on insect succession was investigated in three different habitats (agricultural, desert, and urban) in order to provide data for estimating the postmortem interval (PMI). Each site had six carcasses divided into two groups of three rabbits, with the carcasses in one group being partially burned, while the others were not burned. Carrion reached the dry stage within 5 d in the desert and urban habitats and 13 d in the agricultural habitat. The unburnt and burnt carcasses also decomposed at a similar rate in the three study habitats. Adult dipteran and col...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Mashaly, A. M. A. Tags: Direct Injury, Myiasis, Forensics Source Type: research
Expression Profiles and RNAi Silencing of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Transcripts in Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)
Effective mosquito control is vital to curtail the devastating health effects of many vectored diseases. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated control of mosquitoes is an attractive alternative to conventional chemical pesticides. Previous studies have suggested that transcripts for inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) may be good RNAi targets. To revisit and extend previous reports, we examined the expression of Aedes aegypti (L.) IAPs (AaeIAPs) 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, and a viral IAP-associated factor (vIAF) as well as Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say and Culex quinquefasciatus Say IAP1 homologs (AquIAP1 and CquIAP1) in adult females. Expressi...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Puglise, J. M., Estep, A. S., Becnel, J. J. Tags: Molecular Biology/Genomics Source Type: research
Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Mutations in Indian Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations
This study provides evidence for a focal pattern of distribution of kdr alleles in India.
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Dykes, C. L., Das, M. K., Eapen, A., Batra, C. P., Ghosh, S. K., Vijayan, V. A., Mishra, S., Singh, O. P. Tags: Molecular Biology/Genomics Source Type: research
A Revised Checklist of Chigger Mites (Acari: Trombiculidae) From Thailand, with the Description of Three New Species
Chigger mites of Thailand were studied on the basis of larvae collected from 19 small mammal species (17 species of Rodentia, 1 species of Erinaceomorpha, and 1 species of Scandentia) and revision of published data. Samples of 38 trombiculid species were collected from 11 provinces. Three new species were described: Trombiculindus kosapani sp. nov., Helenicula naresuani sp. nov., and Walchia chavali sp. nov. Ten species were recorded in Thailand for the first time: Leptotrombidium sialkotense Vercammen-Grandjean and Langston, 1976; Leptotrombidium subangulare Wen and Xiang, 1984; Leptotrombidium tenompaki Stekolnikov, 2013...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Chaisiri, K., Stekolnikov, A. A., Makepeace, B. L., Morand, S. Tags: Morphology, Systematics, Evolution Source Type: research
Spatial Clustering of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and Its Impact on Entomological Surveillance Indicators
Spatial clustering of Aedes aegypti (L.) was assessed in 0.25-km2 sampling plots located in three different neighborhoods in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Monitoring was carried out with two oviposition traps (collecting either. eggs or adult mosquitoes) over a consecutive 80-wk period. Taylor power laws (TPL) were used to assess clustering in both adult and egg collections. The clustering level observed in both TPL models was sufficient to increase by two to three times the sampling effort required to achieve a desired precision of population estimates of egg and adults collections, respectively. The relationship bet...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Silva Lima, A., Honorio, N., Codeco, C. Tags: Sampling, Distribution, Dispersal Source Type: research
County-Scale Distribution of Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the Continental United States
The blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, is the primary vector to humans in the eastern United States of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, as well as causative agents of anaplasmosis and babesiosis. Its close relative in the far western United States, the western blacklegged tick Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls, is the primary vector to humans in that region of the Lyme disease and anaplasmosis agents. Since 1991, when standardized surveillance and reporting began, Lyme disease case counts have increased steadily in number and in geographical distribution in the eastern United States. Similar trends h...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Eisen, R. J., Eisen, L., Beard, C. B. Tags: Sampling, Distribution, Dispersal Source Type: research
Behavioral and Toxicological Responses of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) to the Insect Repellents DEET and IR3535
This study compares the behavioral and toxicological effects of both substances in fifth-instar nymphs of the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus Stål (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), one of the main vectors of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). Repellency was quantified using filter paper discs as experimental arenas. Half the discs were treated with solution of repellent in acetone, and the other half with acetone alone. The lowest observed effect level was identical for both substances, 74 µg/cm2. Nymph age (between 1–3 h and 99 d from last ecdysis) had no influence on repellency. Topical application o...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Alzogaray, R. A. Tags: Vector Control, Pest Management, Resistance, Repellents Source Type: research
The Influence of Insecticide Resistance, Age, Sex, and Blood Feeding Frequency on Thermal Tolerance of Wild and Laboratory Phenotypes of Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae)
Resistance to insecticides is a global phenomenon and is increasing at an unprecedented rate. How resistant and susceptible strains of malaria vectors might differ in terms of life history and basic biology is often overlooked, despite the potential importance of such information in light of changing climates. Here, we investigated the upper thermal limits (ULT50) of wild and laboratory strains of Anopheles funestus Giles mosquitoes, including resistance status, sex, age, and blood feeding status as potential factors influencing ULT50. No significant differences in ULT50 were observed between strains displaying different r...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Lyons, C. L., Oliver, S. V., Hunt, R. H., Coetzee, M. Tags: Vector Control, Pest Management, Resistance, Repellents Source Type: research
A Native Wolbachia Endosymbiont Does Not Limit Dengue Virus Infection in the Mosquito Aedes notoscriptus (Diptera: Culicidae)
The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis infects many species of insects and has been transinfected into the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.), the primary vector of dengue virus (DENV). Recently, it has been shown that Wolbachia blocks the replication and transmission of RNA viruses, such as DENV, in a number of mosquito species including Ae. aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Skuse), which is naturally infected with Wolbachia and considered a secondary vector for DENV. The mosquito species Aedes notoscriptus (Skuse) is highly prevalent in Australia, including in areas where DENV outbreaks have been recorded. The mosquito has...
Source: Journal of Medical Entomology - March 8, 2016 Category: Biology Authors: Skelton, E., Rances, E., Frentiu, F. D., Kusmintarsih, E. S., Iturbe-Ormaetxe, I., Caragata, E. P., Woolfit, M., ONeill, S. L. Tags: Vector/Pathogen/Host Interaction, Transmission Source Type: research
