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LDL-C target attainment in secondary prevention of ASCVD in the United States: barriers, consequences of nonachievement, and strategies to reach goals
Postgrad Med. 2022 Aug 25. doi: 10.1080/00325481.2022.2117498. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTAtherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a major causal risk factor for ASCVD. Current evidence overwhelmingly demonstrates that lowering LDL-C reduces the risk of secondary cardiovascular events in patients with previous myocardial infarction or stroke. There is no lower limit for LDL-C: large, randomized studies and meta-analyses have found continuous benefit and no safety concerns in patients achieving LDL-C levels &...
Source: Postgraduate Medicine - August 25, 2022 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: James Underberg Peter P Toth Fatima Rodriguez Source Type: research

The case for adding eicosapentaenoic acid (icosapent ethyl) to the ABCs of cardiovascular disease prevention.
Authors: Trivedi K, Le V, Nelson JR Abstract The high-purity eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) prescription fish oil-derived omega-3 fatty acid (omega-3), icosapent ethyl (IPE), was recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention in high-risk patients. This approval is based on the 25% CVD event risk reduction observed with IPE in the pre-specified primary composite endpoint (cardiovascular [CV] death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, coronary revascularization, or hospitalization for unstable angina) in the landmark Reduction of Cardio...
Source: Postgraduate Medicine - August 13, 2020 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Postgrad Med Source Type: research

Diabetes mellitus is associated with high sleep-time systolic blood pressure and non-dipping pattern.
Conclusion: DM is independently associated with suboptimal 24-hour BP control. This association is mainly attributed to a high sleep-time systolic BP. PMID: 32208051 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Postgraduate Medicine - March 26, 2020 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Postgrad Med Source Type: research

Linagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular and/or renal disease: results from a cardiovascular and renal outcomes trial.
Authors: Guthrie R Abstract Review of:Rosenstock J, Perkovic V, Johansen, OE, et al. Effect of linagliptin vs placebo on major cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular and renal risk: the CARMELINA randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;321:69-79.McGuire DK, Alexander JH, Johansen OE, et al. Linagliptin effects on heart failure and related outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus at high cardiovascular and renal risk in CARMELINA. Circulation. 2019;139:351-361.These two papers describe the findings from the CARMELINA trial (Cardiovascular and Renal Microvascular Outco...
Source: Postgraduate Medicine - March 15, 2020 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Postgrad Med Source Type: research

The eicosapentaenoic acid:arachidonic acid ratio and its clinical utility in cardiovascular disease.
Authors: Nelson JR, Raskin S Abstract Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is a key anti-inflammatory/anti-aggregatory long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acid. Conversely, the omega-6 fatty acid, arachidonic acid (AA) is a precursor to a number of pro-inflammatory/pro-aggregatory mediators. EPA acts competitively with AA for the key cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes to form less inflammatory products. As a result, the EPA:AA ratio may be a marker of chronic inflammation, with a lower ratio corresponding to higher levels of inflammation. It is now well established that inflammation plays an important role in card...
Source: Postgraduate Medicine - May 9, 2019 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Postgrad Med Source Type: research

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