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Bronchiectasis and obstructive lung diseases in primary antibody deficiencies and beyond: update on management and pathomechanisms
Purpose of review Pulmonary complications are among the most frequent manifestations in patients with primary antibody deficiency (PAD), contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Here, we focus on recent findings in obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis in PAD. Since specific data on patients with PAD is limited and management mostly follows general recommendations, this review also aims to summarize data from the immunocompetent population. Recent findings Potential risk factors for the development and progression of bronchiectasis include reduced immunoglobulins and lower CD4 cells. In ...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - November 4, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: PRIMARY IMMUNE DEFICIENCY DISEASE: Edited by M. Teresa de la Morena and Stephen Jolles Source Type: research

Occupational causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an update
Purpose of review This brief narrative review aims to highlight relevant recent updates on occupational causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Recent findings The most recent literature has been searched for any new relevant association between occupational exposures and COPD. Only large epidemiological studies of high quality have been included. Beyond the more traditional exposures, such as mineral or organic dusts, new chemicals have emerged as potential occupational causal agents for COPD. In particular, pesticides and cleaning products, including disinfectants, that have shown also positive...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - February 24, 2022 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE: Edited by Susan M. Tarlo and Piero Maestrelli Source Type: research

Cleaners and airway diseases
Purpose of review Evidence for adverse respiratory effects of occupational exposure to disinfectants and cleaning products (DCPs) has grown in the last two decades. The relationship between DCPs and asthma is well documented but questions remain regarding specific causal agents. Beyond asthma, associations between DCPs and COPD or chronic rhinitis are plausible and have been examined recently. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances on the effect of occupational exposure to DCP and chronic airway diseases. Recent findings Recent epidemiological studies have often focused on healthcare workers ...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - March 3, 2021 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE: Edited by Susan M. Tarlo and Piero Maestrelli Source Type: research

Asthma/obstructive pulmonary disease overlap: update on definition, biomarkers, and therapeutics
Purpose of review Asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap (ACO) continues to be a poorly understood condition. This review discusses newly proposed criteria and potential biomarkers in ACO, to aid in diagnosis and research studies, and prudent therapeutic approaches. Recent findings A global expert panel proposed an operational definition consisting of major and minor criteria as a step toward defining ACO. Serum periostin and YKL-40 may serve as biomarkers for ACO. Clinically, a reasonable therapeutic approach to ACO is the early addition of a long-acting β-agonist (LABA) and/or a long-acting muscarinic...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - January 3, 2020 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: MECHANISMS OF ALLERGY AND ADULT ASTHMA: Edited by J. Andrew Grant and Enrico Heffler Source Type: research

Update on questionnaires for assessing adherence to inhaler devices in respiratory patients
The objective of this review was to update information on main questionnaires used in daily for assessing adherence to inhalers of patients with chronic respiratory diseases. Recent findings The test of the adherence to inhalers (TAI) is a recently developed and validated 12-item questionnaire to assess adherence to inhalers of aerosolized drugs in patients with asthma or COPD. The instrument can easily identify nonadherence, classify the level of adherence into good, intermediate and poor, and establish three nonadherence behaviour patterns of erratic, deliberate, and unwitting, which are useful for tailoring correctiv...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - January 17, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: MECHANISMS OF ALLERGY AND ADULT ASTHMA: Edited by J. Andrew Grant and Gustavo J. Rodrigo Source Type: research

Asthma versus chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the Dutch versus British hypothesis, and role of interleukin-5
Purpose of review Asthma and COPD represent heterogeneous disorders with broad ranging impact on patients and health systems. This review focuses on evidence for early attempts at understanding their pathogenesis by the British and Dutch hypotheses. It also addresses the role of eosinophils, IL-5, and biologics targeting these pathways in asthma and COPD. Recent findings Among asthma and COPD patients, clusters exist based on phenotypic and biologic markers allowing for further understanding of endotypes. Recent studies suggest the role of eosinophils and optimal therapies for each condition may be different. Summary...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - January 17, 2018 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: MECHANISMS OF ALLERGY AND ADULT ASTHMA: Edited by J. Andrew Grant and Gustavo J. Rodrigo Source Type: research

Update on questionnaires for assessing adherence to inhaler devices in respiratory patients
The objective of this review was to update information on main questionnaires used in daily for assessing adherence to inhalers of patients with chronic respiratory diseases. Recent findings The test of the adherence to inhalers (TAI) is a recently developed and validated 12-item questionnaire to assess adherence to inhalers of aerosolized drugs in patients with asthma or COPD. The instrument can easily identify nonadherence, classify the level of adherence into good, intermediate and poor, and establish three nonadherence behaviour patterns of erratic, deliberate, and unwitting, which are useful for tailoring correctiv...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - December 21, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: MECHANISMS OF ALLERGY AND ADULT ASTHMA: Edited by J. Andrew Grant and Gustavo J. Rodrigo Source Type: research

Childhood asthma is a risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Purpose of review: This review will catalog the many recent longitudinal studies that have investigated the relationship between asthma and lung function, or the persistence and trajectories of lung function deficits. Recent findings: Recent work has reported on 50-year follow-ups of some prominent population cohorts. A history of asthma confers a 10–30-fold risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Individuals reaching a reduced maximum growth of forced expiratory volume in 1 s in early adulthood are at risk for early or more severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Summary: Taken together, there is a...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - February 23, 2017 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: PEDIATRIC ASTHMA AND DEVELOPMENT OF ATOPY: Edited by Leonard B. Bacharier and Stanley J. Szefler Source Type: research

Asthma–chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome: a controversial concept
Purpose of review: To illustrate the scant evidence and the shortcomings of the concept of ‘asthma-COPD overlap syndrome’ (ACOS) in terms of clinical utility. Recent findings: Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are considered as two distinct and heterogeneous diseases. For many years, physicians have been aware that asthma and COPD can coexist in some patients. Recently, the term ACOS has been applied when a person has clinical features of both asthma and COPD. However, the lack of an accurate diagnosis has led to inconsistent data regarding reported prevalence, prognosis and therapeutics. Even to...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - December 23, 2016 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: MECHANISMS OF ALLERGY AND ADULT ASTHMA: Edited by J Andrew Grant and Gustavo J Rodrigo Source Type: research

Predictors of asthma control in elderly patients
Purpose of review: We are in the era of rapid aging of the global population. Elderly asthmatic patients have an increased frequency of hospitalization and a high mortality rate. In this review, we focus on comorbidities and treatment issues in terms of the predictors of asthma control in the elderly. Recent findings: Some frequent comorbidities, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic sinusitis, obesity, and depression, are associated with uncontrolled asthma in elderly asthmatic patients. Smoking status in elderly asthmatic patients was associated with more frequent exacerbations. Management of comorbidit...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - April 29, 2016 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: OUTCOME MEASURES: Edited by Henry Milgrom and Rene Maximiliano Gomez Source Type: research

Interleukin-5 pathway inhibition in the treatment of eosinophilic respiratory disorders: evidence and unmet needs
Purpose of review: Human eosinophils were first identified and named by Paul Ehrlich in 1879 on the basis of the cell's granular uptake of eosin. Although eosinophils represent approximately 1% of peripheral blood leukocytes, they have the propensity to leave the blood stream and migrate into inflamed tissues. Eosinophils and their mediators are critical effectors to asthma and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). Eosinophils are equipped with a large number of cell-surface receptors and produce specific cytokines and chemokines. Recent findings: Eosinophils are the major source of interleukin-5 and highl...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - February 26, 2016 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: Special Commentary Source Type: research

Pathophysiology of bronchoconstriction: role of oxidatively damaged DNA repair
Purpose of review: To provide an overview on the present understanding of roles of oxidative DNA damage repair in cell signaling underlying bronchoconstriction common to, but not restricted to various forms of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Recent findings: Bronchoconstriction is a tightening of smooth muscle surrounding the bronchi and bronchioles with consequent wheezing and shortness of breath. Key stimuli include air pollutants, viral infections, allergens, thermal and osmotic changes, and shear stress of mucosal epithelium, triggering a wide range of cellular, vascular, and neural events. Although a...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - December 23, 2015 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: MECHANISMS OF ALLERGY AND ADULT ASTHMA: Edited by J. Andrew Grant and Peter Howarth Source Type: research

Effects of air pollutants on upper airway disease
Purpose of review: We discuss the effects of air pollutants on upper airway disease; the topic has hitherto received little attention. Recent findings: Several epidemiological studies have shown that air pollutants aggravate airway diseases including asthma, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. Pollutants also have negative effects on other upper airway diseases such as allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, sinusitis, and otitis media. Traffic-related air pollutants (diesel exhaust particles and nitrogen dioxide and tobacco smoke) have been widely studied in this context. Increasing evidence suggests that p...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - December 23, 2015 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: RHINITIS, SINUSITIS AND UPPER AIRWAY DISEASE: Edited by Ruby Pawankar and David P. Skoner Source Type: research

Th17 regulating lower airway disease
Purpose of review: Th17 lymphocytes are now widely believed to be critical for the regulation of various chronic immune diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of different asthma phenotypes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Recent findings: It has been recently reported that Th17 cells and also a new population of Th17/Th2 cells accumulate in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthmatic patients, and positively correlated with airway obstruction and steroid resistance. These patients often...
Source: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology - December 23, 2015 Category: Allergy & Immunology Tags: RHINITIS, SINUSITIS AND UPPER AIRWAY DISEASE: Edited by Ruby Pawankar and David P. Skoner Source Type: research

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