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Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2541: Host Protective Immunity against Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants
r The world is now apparently at the last/recovery stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, starting from 29 December 2019, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). With the progression of time, several mutations have taken place in the original SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain, which have generated variants of concern (VOC). Therefore, combatting COVID-19 has required the development of COVID-19 vaccines using several platforms. The immunity induced by those vaccines is vital to study in order to assure total protection against SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants. Indeed, understanding and identifyin...
Source: Viruses - November 17, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Rashed Noor Tags: Review Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2535: ACE2-Independent Alternative Receptors for SARS-CoV-2
Chang Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is highly contagious and remains a major public health challenge despite the availability of effective vaccines. SARS-CoV-2 enters cells through the binding of its spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in concert with accessory receptors/molecules that facilitate viral attachment, internalization, and fusion. Although ACE2 plays a critical role in SARS-CoV-2 replication, its expression profiles are not completely associated with ...
Source: Viruses - November 16, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Suhyeon Lim Monica Zhang Theresa L. Chang Tags: Review Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2515: Case Fatality of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Infection Suffering from Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Germany
Conclusions: The case fatality of COVID-19 patients with ARDS is dramatically high and shows relevant regional disparities. Our findings may help to draw more attention to predictors for in-hospital case fatality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and suffering from ARDS.
Source: Viruses - November 14, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Ingo Sagoschen Karsten Keller Johannes Wild Thomas M ünzel Lukas Hobohm Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2514: Early Access to Oral Antivirals in High-Risk Outpatients: Good Weapons to Fight COVID-19
Conclusions: No differences between the two antivirals were observed. In this real-life setting, the early use of both of the oral antivirals helped limit composite outcome at 30 days among subjects who were at high risk of disease progression.
Source: Viruses - November 14, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Giuseppe Bruno Massimo Giotta Serena Perelli Giuseppina De Vita Nicola Bartolomeo Giovanni Battista Buccoliero Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2475: Host Cell Entry and Neutralization Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 Lineages B.1.620 and R.1
hlmann Markus Hoffmann The spike (S) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) facilitates viral entry into host cells and is the key target for neutralizing antibodies. The SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.620 carries fifteen mutations in the S protein and is spread in Africa, the US and Europe, while lineage R.1 harbors four mutations in S and infections were observed in several countries, particularly Japan and the US. However, the impact of the mutations in B.1.620 and R.1 S proteins on antibody-mediated neutralization and host cell entry are largely unknown. Here, we report that these mutatio...
Source: Viruses - November 9, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Anzhalika Sidarovich Nadine Kr üger Cheila Rocha Luise Graichen Amy Kempf Inga Nehlmeier Martin Lier Anne Cossmann Metodi V. Stankov Sebastian R. Schulz Georg M. N. Behrens Hans-Martin J äck Stefan P öhlmann Markus Hoffmann Tags: Brief Report Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2473: SARS-CoV-2 at the Human & ndash;Animal Interface: Implication for Global Public Health from an African Perspective
Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2473: SARS-CoV-2 at the Human–Animal Interface: Implication for Global Public Health from an African Perspective Viruses doi: 10.3390/v14112473 Authors: Ebere Roseann Agusi Valerie Allendorf Emmanuel Aniebonam Eze Olayinka Asala Ismaila Shittu Klaas Dietze Frank Busch Anja Globig Clement Adebajo Meseko The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become the most far-reaching public health crisis of modern times. Several efforts are underway to unravel its root cause as well as to proffer adequate preventive or inhibitive measures. Zoonotic spillover of the c...
Source: Viruses - November 9, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Ebere Roseann Agusi Valerie Allendorf Emmanuel Aniebonam Eze Olayinka Asala Ismaila Shittu Klaas Dietze Frank Busch Anja Globig Clement Adebajo Meseko Tags: Review Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2469: Evolutionary Signals in Coronaviral Structural Proteins Suggest Possible Complex Mechanisms of Post-Translational Regulation in SARS-CoV-2 Virus
oz Post-translational regulation of proteins has emerged as a central topic of research in the field of functional proteomics. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) dynamically control the activities of proteins and are involved in a wide range of biological processes. Crosstalk between different types of PTMs represents a key mechanism of regulation and signaling. Due to the current pandemic of the novel and dangerous SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) virus, here we present an in silico analysis of different types of PTMs in structural proteins of coronaviruses. A dataset of PTM sites was ...
Source: Viruses - November 8, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Ramiro Garza-Dom ínguez Francisco Torres-Quiroz Tags: Brief Report Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2437: Canine Coronavirus Activates Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor during In Vitro Infection
Fiorito The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that interacts with substrates, including microbial metabolites. Recent advances reveal that AhR is involved in the host response to coronaviruses (CoVs) infection. Particularly, AhR antagonists decrease the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) via AhR up-regulation, resulting in suppression of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in mammalian cells. Herein, we report that AhR is expressed in canine fibrosarcoma (A72) cells, where it is considerably activated by infection with genotyp...
Source: Viruses - November 3, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Claudia Cerracchio Francesco Serra Maria Grazia Amoroso Filomena Fiorito Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2436: Molecular Dynamics Simulations to Decipher the Role of Phosphorylation of SARS-CoV-2 Nonstructural Proteins (nsps) in Viral Replication
i Mamoon Rashid Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification that enables various cellular activities and plays essential roles in protein interactions. Phosphorylation is an important process for the replication of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To shed more light on the effects of phosphorylation, we used an ensemble of neural networks to predict potential kinases that might phosphorylate SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural proteins (nsps) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the effects of phosphorylation on nsps structure, which could be a potential inhibitory...
Source: Viruses - November 2, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Lamya Alomair Sabeena Mustafa Mohsin Saleet Jafri Wardah Alharbi Abdulrhman Aljouie Fahad Almsned Mohammed Alawad Yahya Abdulfattah Bokhari Mamoon Rashid Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2434: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus: An Updated Overview of Virus Epidemiology, Virulence Variation Patterns and Virus & ndash;Host Interactions
Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2434: Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus: An Updated Overview of Virus Epidemiology, Virulence Variation Patterns and Virus–Host Interactions Viruses doi: 10.3390/v14112434 Authors: Zhang Chen Zhou Wang Ma Li Yang Yuan Pang Ouyang The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a member of the coronavirus family, causing deadly watery diarrhea in newborn piglets. The global pandemic of PEDV, with significant morbidity and mortality, poses a huge threat to the swine industry. The currently developed vaccines and drugs are only effective against the classic GI ...
Source: Viruses - November 2, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Zhang Chen Zhou Wang Ma Li Yang Yuan Pang Ouyang Tags: Review Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2432: Systematic Genomic Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 Virus on Illumina Sequencing Platforms in the Slovak Republic & mdash;One Year Experience
This study aims to describe the results of a routine but high-level SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance program. Our study of SARS-CoV-2 genomes in collaboration with the Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic also helped to inform the public about the epidemiological situation during the pandemic.
Source: Viruses - November 2, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Diana Rus ňáková Tatiana Sedl áčková Peter Radv ák Miroslav B öhmer Pavol Mi šenko Jaroslav Budi š Silvia Bokorov á Nikola Lipkov á Michaela Forg áčová-Jakúbková Tom áš Sládeček Jozef Sitar čík Werner Krampl Michaela Ga žiová Anna Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2429: An Optimized Bioassay for Screening Combined Anticoronaviral Compounds for Efficacy against Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus with Pharmacokinetic Analyses of GS-441524, Remdesivir, and Molnupiravir in Cats
The objective of this study was to determine and compare the in vitro antiviral efficacies of the viral protease inhibitors GC376 and nirmatrelvir and the nucleoside analogs remdesivir (RDV), GS-441524, molnupiravir (MPV; EIDD-2801), and β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC; EIDD-1931). These antiviral agents were functionally evaluated using an optimized in vitro bioassay system. Antivirals were assessed as monotherapies against FIPV serotypes I and II and as combined anticoronaviral therapies (CACT) against FIPV serotype II, which provided evidence for synergy for selected combinations. We also determined the pharmac...
Source: Viruses - November 1, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Sarah Cook Luke Wittenburg Victoria C. Yan Jacob H. Theil Diego Castillo Krystle L. Reagan Sonyia Williams Cong-Dat Pham Chun Li Florian L. Muller Brian G. Murphy Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2422: Network Analysis for Uncovering the Relationship between Host Response and Clinical Factors to Virus Pathogen: Lessons from SARS-CoV-2
tr Kosztyu Eva Kriegova Analysing complex datasets while maintaining the interpretability and explainability of outcomes for clinicians and patients is challenging, not only in viral infections. These datasets often include a variety of heterogeneous clinical, demographic, laboratory, and personal data, and it is not a single factor but a combination of multiple factors that contribute to patient characterisation and host response. Therefore, multivariate approaches are needed to analyse these complex patient datasets, which are impossible to analyse with univariate comparisons (e.g., one immune cell subset versus on...
Source: Viruses - October 31, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Milan Sova Milos Kudelka Milan Raska Jan Mizera Zuzana Mikulkova Marketa Trajerova Eliska Ochodkova Samuel Genzor Petr Jakubec Alena Borikova Ladislav Stepanek Petr Kosztyu Eva Kriegova Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2424: Retrospective Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Infection Profile in COVID-19 Positive Patients in Vitoria da Conquista, Northeast Brazil
This study’s findings help identify the specific strains and increase our understanding of the true state of local health. In addition, our data demonstrate that epidemiological and genomic surveillance together can help formulate public health strategies to guide governmental actions.
Source: Viruses - October 31, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Anna Carolina S. Dantas Hellen B. M. Oliveira Camila P. Gomes Daniele L. Alves Priscilla D. B. Infante Rosimara de J. A. Caitit é Hegger M. Fritsch Marina S. Cucco Lucas S. C. Silva Caline N. T. Oliveira Rafaela de S. Bittencourt Aline T. Amorim Ana Luis Tags: Article Source Type: research

Viruses, Vol. 14, Pages 2419: Validation of Viral Inactivation Protocols for Therapeutic Blood Products against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2)
Tzung Lin Therapeutic blood products including convalescent plasma/serum and immunoglobulins concentrated from convalescent plasma, such as intravenous immunoglobulins or hyperimmune globulins, and monoclonal antibodies are passive immunotherapy options for novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). They have been shown to improve the clinical status and biological and radiological parameters in some groups of COVID-19 patients. However, blood products are still potential sources of virus transmission in recipients. The use of pathogen reduction technology (PRT) should increase the safety of the products. The purpose o...
Source: Viruses - October 31, 2022 Category: Virology Authors: Wendimi Fatimata Belem Ching-Hsuan Liu Yee-Tung Hu Thierry Burnouf Liang-Tzung Lin Tags: Article Source Type: research