From task structures to world models: what do LLMs know?
Trends Cogn Sci. 2024 Mar 4:S1364-6613(24)00035-4. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.02.008. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTIn what sense does a large language model (LLM) have knowledge? We answer by granting LLMs 'instrumental knowledge': knowledge gained by using next-word generation as an instrument. We then ask how instrumental knowledge is related to the ordinary, 'worldly knowledge' exhibited by humans, and explore this question in terms of the degree to which instrumental knowledge can be said to incorporate the structured world models of cognitive science. We discuss ways LLMs could recover degrees of worldly knowledge and ...
Source: Trends Cogn Sci - March 5, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Ilker Yildirim L A Paul Source Type: research
Sedentary behavior and lifespan brain health
Trends Cogn Sci. 2024 Mar 1:S1364-6613(24)00030-5. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.02.003. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTHigher levels of physical activity are known to benefit aspects of brain health across the lifespan. However, the role of sedentary behavior (SB) is less well understood. In this review we summarize and discuss evidence on the role of SB on brain health (including cognitive performance, structural or functional brain measures, and dementia risk) for different age groups, critically compare assessment approaches to capture SB, and offer insights into emerging opportunities to assess SB via digital technologies. ...
Source: Trends Cogn Sci - March 2, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Liye Zou Fabian Herold Boris Cheval Michael J Wheeler Dominika M Pindus Kirk I Erickson David A Raichlen Gene E Alexander Notger G M üller David W Dunstan Arthur F Kramer Charles H Hillman Mats Hallgren Ulf Ekelund Silvio Maltagliati Neville Owen Source Type: research
Sedentary behavior and lifespan brain health
Trends Cogn Sci. 2024 Mar 1:S1364-6613(24)00030-5. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.02.003. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTHigher levels of physical activity are known to benefit aspects of brain health across the lifespan. However, the role of sedentary behavior (SB) is less well understood. In this review we summarize and discuss evidence on the role of SB on brain health (including cognitive performance, structural or functional brain measures, and dementia risk) for different age groups, critically compare assessment approaches to capture SB, and offer insights into emerging opportunities to assess SB via digital technologies. ...
Source: Trends Cogn Sci - March 2, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Liye Zou Fabian Herold Boris Cheval Michael J Wheeler Dominika M Pindus Kirk I Erickson David A Raichlen Gene E Alexander Notger G M üller David W Dunstan Arthur F Kramer Charles H Hillman Mats Hallgren Ulf Ekelund Silvio Maltagliati Neville Owen Source Type: research
The computational structure of consummatory anhedonia
Trends Cogn Sci. 2024 Feb 28:S1364-6613(24)00006-8. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.01.006. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTAnhedonia is a reduction in enjoyment, motivation, or interest. It is common across mental health disorders and a harbinger of poor treatment outcomes. The enjoyment aspect, termed 'consummatory anhedonia', in particular poses fundamental questions about how the brain constructs rewards: what processes determine how intensely a reward is experienced? Here, we outline limitations of existing computational conceptualisations of consummatory anhedonia. We then suggest a richer reinforcement learning (RL) account ...
Source: Trends Cogn Sci - February 29, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Anna F Hall Michael Browning Quentin J M Huys Source Type: research
The computational structure of consummatory anhedonia
Trends Cogn Sci. 2024 Feb 28:S1364-6613(24)00006-8. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.01.006. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTAnhedonia is a reduction in enjoyment, motivation, or interest. It is common across mental health disorders and a harbinger of poor treatment outcomes. The enjoyment aspect, termed 'consummatory anhedonia', in particular poses fundamental questions about how the brain constructs rewards: what processes determine how intensely a reward is experienced? Here, we outline limitations of existing computational conceptualisations of consummatory anhedonia. We then suggest a richer reinforcement learning (RL) account ...
Source: Trends Cogn Sci - February 29, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Anna F Hall Michael Browning Quentin J M Huys Source Type: research
The computational structure of consummatory anhedonia
Trends Cogn Sci. 2024 Feb 28:S1364-6613(24)00006-8. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.01.006. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTAnhedonia is a reduction in enjoyment, motivation, or interest. It is common across mental health disorders and a harbinger of poor treatment outcomes. The enjoyment aspect, termed 'consummatory anhedonia', in particular poses fundamental questions about how the brain constructs rewards: what processes determine how intensely a reward is experienced? Here, we outline limitations of existing computational conceptualisations of consummatory anhedonia. We then suggest a richer reinforcement learning (RL) account ...
Source: Trends Cogn Sci - February 29, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Anna F Hall Michael Browning Quentin J M Huys Source Type: research
How is helping behavior regulated in the brain?
Trends Cogn Sci. 2024 Feb 27:S1364-6613(24)00036-6. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.02.009. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTIn humans and other animals, individuals can actively respond to the specific needs of others. However, the neural circuits supporting helping behaviors are underspecified. In recent work, Zhang, Wu, and colleagues identified a new role for the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in the encoding and regulation of targeted helping behavior (allolicking) in mice.PMID:38418366 | DOI:10.1016/j.tics.2024.02.009 (Source: Trends Cogn Sci)
Source: Trends Cogn Sci - February 28, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Meng Zhang Guohua Chen Rongfeng K Hu Source Type: research
How is helping behavior regulated in the brain?
Trends Cogn Sci. 2024 Feb 27:S1364-6613(24)00036-6. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.02.009. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTIn humans and other animals, individuals can actively respond to the specific needs of others. However, the neural circuits supporting helping behaviors are underspecified. In recent work, Zhang, Wu, and colleagues identified a new role for the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in the encoding and regulation of targeted helping behavior (allolicking) in mice.PMID:38418366 | DOI:10.1016/j.tics.2024.02.009 (Source: Trends Cogn Sci)
Source: Trends Cogn Sci - February 28, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Meng Zhang Guohua Chen Rongfeng K Hu Source Type: research
Curiosity and the dynamics of optimal exploration
Trends Cogn Sci. 2024 Feb 26:S1364-6613(24)00028-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.02.001. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTWhat drives our curiosity remains an elusive and hotly debated issue, with multiple hypotheses proposed but a cohesive account yet to be established. This review discusses traditional and emergent theories that frame curiosity as a desire to know and a drive to learn, respectively. We adopt a model-based approach that maps the temporal dynamics of various factors underlying curiosity-based exploration, such as uncertainty, information gain, and learning progress. In so doing, we identify the limitations of pas...
Source: Trends Cogn Sci - February 27, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Francesco Poli Jill X O'Reilly Rogier B Mars Sabine Hunnius Source Type: research
The neurobiology of interoception and affect
Trends Cogn Sci. 2024 Feb 22:S1364-6613(24)00009-3. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.01.009. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTScholars have argued for centuries that affective states involve interoception, or representations of the state of the body. Yet, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how signals from the body are transduced, transmitted, compressed, and integrated by the brains of humans to produce affective states. We suggest that to understand how the body contributes to affect, we first need to understand information flow through the nervous system's interoceptive pathways. We outline such a model and discuss how unique ...
Source: Trends Cogn Sci - February 23, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Authors: M J Feldman E Bliss-Moreau K A Lindquist Source Type: research
The neurobiology of interoception and affect
Trends Cogn Sci. 2024 Feb 22:S1364-6613(24)00009-3. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.01.009. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTScholars have argued for centuries that affective states involve interoception, or representations of the state of the body. Yet, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how signals from the body are transduced, transmitted, compressed, and integrated by the brains of humans to produce affective states. We suggest that to understand how the body contributes to affect, we first need to understand information flow through the nervous system's interoceptive pathways. We outline such a model and discuss how unique ...
Source: Trends Cogn Sci - February 23, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Authors: M J Feldman E Bliss-Moreau K A Lindquist Source Type: research
The neurobiology of interoception and affect
Trends Cogn Sci. 2024 Feb 22:S1364-6613(24)00009-3. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.01.009. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTScholars have argued for centuries that affective states involve interoception, or representations of the state of the body. Yet, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how signals from the body are transduced, transmitted, compressed, and integrated by the brains of humans to produce affective states. We suggest that to understand how the body contributes to affect, we first need to understand information flow through the nervous system's interoceptive pathways. We outline such a model and discuss how unique ...
Source: Trends Cogn Sci - February 23, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Authors: M J Feldman E Bliss-Moreau K A Lindquist Source Type: research
The neurobiology of interoception and affect
Trends Cogn Sci. 2024 Feb 22:S1364-6613(24)00009-3. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.01.009. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTScholars have argued for centuries that affective states involve interoception, or representations of the state of the body. Yet, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how signals from the body are transduced, transmitted, compressed, and integrated by the brains of humans to produce affective states. We suggest that to understand how the body contributes to affect, we first need to understand information flow through the nervous system's interoceptive pathways. We outline such a model and discuss how unique ...
Source: Trends Cogn Sci - February 23, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Authors: M J Feldman E Bliss-Moreau K A Lindquist Source Type: research
Common and distinct neural mechanisms of attention
Trends Cogn Sci. 2024 Feb 22:S1364-6613(24)00005-6. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.01.005. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTDespite a constant deluge of sensory stimulation, only a fraction of it is used to guide behavior. This selective processing is generally referred to as attention, and much research has focused on the neural mechanisms controlling it. Recently, research has broadened to include more ways by which different species selectively process sensory information, whether due to the sensory input itself or to different behavioral and brain states. This work has produced a complex and disjointed body of evidence across d...
Source: Trends Cogn Sci - February 22, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Ruobing Xia Xiaomo Chen Tatiana A Engel Tirin Moore Source Type: research
Common and distinct neural mechanisms of attention
Trends Cogn Sci. 2024 Feb 22:S1364-6613(24)00005-6. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2024.01.005. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTDespite a constant deluge of sensory stimulation, only a fraction of it is used to guide behavior. This selective processing is generally referred to as attention, and much research has focused on the neural mechanisms controlling it. Recently, research has broadened to include more ways by which different species selectively process sensory information, whether due to the sensory input itself or to different behavioral and brain states. This work has produced a complex and disjointed body of evidence across d...
Source: Trends Cogn Sci - February 22, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Ruobing Xia Xiaomo Chen Tatiana A Engel Tirin Moore Source Type: research
