Lower Extremity Validation of a Human Body Model for High Rate Axial Loading in the Underbody Blast Environment
The objective of this study was to validate the Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) M50 lower extremity using a combined objective rating scheme in vertical and horizontal high-rate axial loading. The model's lower extremity biomechanical response was compared to Post Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS) subjects for vertically and horizontally-applied high rate axial loading. Two distinct experimental setups were used for model validation, comprising a total of 33 distinct end points for validation. A combined Correlation and Analysis (CORA) score that incorporates CORA, time-to-peak (TTP) and peak magnitude of the experi...
Source: Stapp Car Crash Journal - September 21, 2023 Category: Accident Prevention Authors: Zachary S Hostetler Juliette Caffrey Jazmine Aira F Scott Gayzik Source Type: research
A Comparison of the Mid-Size Male THOR and Hybrid III ATDs in Vehicle Frontal Crash Tests
This study showed that the belted THOR-50M injury responses were higher than the H3-50M by 25%-180%, in all reported ATD responses, except chest acceleration. For one unbelted condition, the THOR-50M reported 200%-300% higher neck responses than the H3-50M, primarily due to head contact to the roof structure in a mid-sized sedan. The THOR-50M overpredicted the injury risk based on chest deflection compared to the CISS accident data by at least a factor of 4 times. The THOR-50M also overpredicted the injury risk based on BrIC by at least a factor of 10 times. Future work is needed to investigate these overpredictions with r...
Source: Stapp Car Crash Journal - September 21, 2023 Category: Accident Prevention Authors: Chris O'Connor Agnes Kim Tim Barrette Jeff Dix Source Type: research
Understanding Head Injury Risks During Car-to-Pedestrian Collisions Using Realistic Vehicle and Detailed Human Body Models
Stapp Car Crash J. 2022 Nov;66:175-205. doi: 10.4271/2022-22-0006.ABSTRACTTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and long-term disability in road traffic accidents (RTAs). Researchers have examined the effect of vehicle front shape and pedestrian body size on the risk of pedestrian head injury. On the other hand, the relationship between vehicle front shape parameters and pedestrian TBI risks involving a diverse population with varying body sizes has yet to be investigated. Thus, the purpose of this study was to comprehensively study the effect of vehicle front shape parameters and various pedestrian bo...
Source: Stapp Car Crash Journal - September 21, 2023 Category: Accident Prevention Authors: Kalish Gunasekaran Sakib Ul Islam Haojie Mao Source Type: research
Effect of Tissue Erosion Modeling Techniques on Pedestrian Impact Kinematics
Stapp Car Crash J. 2022 Nov;66:207-216. doi: 10.4271/2022-22-0007.ABSTRACTThe pedestrian is one of the most vulnerable road users and has experienced increased numbers of injuries and deaths caused by car-to-pedestrian collisions over the last decade. To curb this trend, finite element models of pedestrians have been developed to investigate pedestrian protection in vehicle impact simulations. While useful, modeling practices vary across research groups, especially when applying knee/ankle ligament and bone failure. To help better standardize modeling practices this study explored the effect of knee ligament and bone eleme...
Source: Stapp Car Crash Journal - September 21, 2023 Category: Accident Prevention Authors: Daniel Grindle Costin Untaroiu Source Type: research
Driving Behavior during Right-Turn Maneuvers at Intersections on Left-Hand Traffic Roads
The objective of the present study is to clarify the driving behavior in terms of eye glances and driver speeds when drivers of two different types of vehicles turn right at an intersection on a left-hand traffic road. We experimentally investigated the drivers' gaze, vehicle speed, and distance on the vehicle traveling trajectory from the vehicle to the pedestrian crossing line, using a sedan and a truck with a gross vehicle weight of < 7.5 tons (a light-duty truck) during right-turn maneuver. We considered four different conditions: no pedestrian dummy (No-P), right pedestrian dummy (R-P), left pedestrian dummy (L-P),...
Source: Stapp Car Crash Journal - September 21, 2023 Category: Accident Prevention Authors: Yasuhiro Matsui Naruyuki Hosokawa Shoko Oikawa Source Type: research
Investigation of Potential Injury Patterns and Occupant Kinematicsin Frontal Impact with PMHS in Reclined Postures
Stapp Car Crash J. 2022 Nov;66:1-30. doi: 10.4271/2022-22-0001.ABSTRACTThe reality of the autonomous vehicle in a near future is growing and is expected to induce significant change inthe occupant posture with respect to a standard driving posture. The delegated driving would allow sleeping and/or resting in a seatwith a reclined posture. However, the data in the literature are rare on the body kinematics, human tolerance, and injury types insuch reclined postures. The current study aims at increasing the knowledge in the domain and providing useful data to assess therelevance of the standard injury assessment tools such a...
Source: Stapp Car Crash Journal - September 21, 2023 Category: Accident Prevention Authors: Pascal Baudrit J érôme Uriot Olivier Richard Matthieu Debray Source Type: research
Obese Occupant Response in Reclined and Upright Seated Postures in Frontal Impacts
The objective of this study was to compare the kinematics of the head-neck, torso and pelvis, and document injuries and injury patterns in frontal impacts. Six PMHS with a mean body mass index of 38.2 ± 5.3 kg/m2 were equally divided between upright and reclined groups (seatback: 23°, 45°), restrained by a three-point integrated belt, positioned on a semi-rigid seat, and exposed to low and moderate velocities (15, 32 km/h). Data included belt loads, spinal accelerations, kinematics, and injuries from x-rays, computed tomography, and necropsy. At 15 km/h speed, no significant difference in the occupant kinematics and evi...
Source: Stapp Car Crash Journal - September 21, 2023 Category: Accident Prevention Authors: Karthik Somasundaram John R Humm Narayan Yoganandan Hans Hauschild Klaus Driesslein Frank A Pintar Source Type: research
Ligaments Laxity and Elongation at Injuryin Flexed knees during Lateral Impact Conditions
Stapp Car Crash J. 2022 Nov;66:69-97. doi: 10.4271/2022-22-0003.ABSTRACTThe knee is one of the regions of interest for pedestrian safety assessment. Past testing to study knee ligament injuries for pedestrian impact only included knees in full extension and mostly focused on global responses. As the knee flexion angle and the initial ligament laxity may affect the elongation at which ligaments fail, the objectives of this study were (1) to design an experimental protocol to assess the laxity of knee ligaments before measuring their elongation at failure, (2) to apply it in paired knee tests at two flexion angles (10 and 45...
Source: Stapp Car Crash Journal - September 21, 2023 Category: Accident Prevention Authors: Sahar Benadi Xavier Trosseille Philippe Petit J érôme Uriot Yoann Lafon Philippe Beillas Source Type: research
Lower Extremity Validation of a Human Body Model for High Rate Axial Loading in the Underbody Blast Environment
The objective of this study was to validate the Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) M50 lower extremity using a combined objective rating scheme in vertical and horizontal high-rate axial loading. The model's lower extremity biomechanical response was compared to Post Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS) subjects for vertically and horizontally-applied high rate axial loading. Two distinct experimental setups were used for model validation, comprising a total of 33 distinct end points for validation. A combined Correlation and Analysis (CORA) score that incorporates CORA, time-to-peak (TTP) and peak magnitude of the experi...
Source: Stapp Car Crash Journal - September 21, 2023 Category: Accident Prevention Authors: Zachary S Hostetler Juliette Caffrey Jazmine Aira F Scott Gayzik Source Type: research
A Comparison of the Mid-Size Male THOR and Hybrid III ATDs in Vehicle Frontal Crash Tests
This study showed that the belted THOR-50M injury responses were higher than the H3-50M by 25%-180%, in all reported ATD responses, except chest acceleration. For one unbelted condition, the THOR-50M reported 200%-300% higher neck responses than the H3-50M, primarily due to head contact to the roof structure in a mid-sized sedan. The THOR-50M overpredicted the injury risk based on chest deflection compared to the CISS accident data by at least a factor of 4 times. The THOR-50M also overpredicted the injury risk based on BrIC by at least a factor of 10 times. Future work is needed to investigate these overpredictions with r...
Source: Stapp Car Crash Journal - September 21, 2023 Category: Accident Prevention Authors: Chris O'Connor Agnes Kim Tim Barrette Jeff Dix Source Type: research
Understanding Head Injury Risks During Car-to-Pedestrian Collisions Using Realistic Vehicle and Detailed Human Body Models
Stapp Car Crash J. 2022 Nov;66:175-205. doi: 10.4271/2022-22-0006.ABSTRACTTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and long-term disability in road traffic accidents (RTAs). Researchers have examined the effect of vehicle front shape and pedestrian body size on the risk of pedestrian head injury. On the other hand, the relationship between vehicle front shape parameters and pedestrian TBI risks involving a diverse population with varying body sizes has yet to be investigated. Thus, the purpose of this study was to comprehensively study the effect of vehicle front shape parameters and various pedestrian bo...
Source: Stapp Car Crash Journal - September 21, 2023 Category: Accident Prevention Authors: Kalish Gunasekaran Sakib Ul Islam Haojie Mao Source Type: research
Effect of Tissue Erosion Modeling Techniques on Pedestrian Impact Kinematics
Stapp Car Crash J. 2022 Nov;66:207-216. doi: 10.4271/2022-22-0007.ABSTRACTThe pedestrian is one of the most vulnerable road users and has experienced increased numbers of injuries and deaths caused by car-to-pedestrian collisions over the last decade. To curb this trend, finite element models of pedestrians have been developed to investigate pedestrian protection in vehicle impact simulations. While useful, modeling practices vary across research groups, especially when applying knee/ankle ligament and bone failure. To help better standardize modeling practices this study explored the effect of knee ligament and bone eleme...
Source: Stapp Car Crash Journal - September 21, 2023 Category: Accident Prevention Authors: Daniel Grindle Costin Untaroiu Source Type: research
Driving Behavior during Right-Turn Maneuvers at Intersections on Left-Hand Traffic Roads
The objective of the present study is to clarify the driving behavior in terms of eye glances and driver speeds when drivers of two different types of vehicles turn right at an intersection on a left-hand traffic road. We experimentally investigated the drivers' gaze, vehicle speed, and distance on the vehicle traveling trajectory from the vehicle to the pedestrian crossing line, using a sedan and a truck with a gross vehicle weight of < 7.5 tons (a light-duty truck) during right-turn maneuver. We considered four different conditions: no pedestrian dummy (No-P), right pedestrian dummy (R-P), left pedestrian dummy (L-P),...
Source: Stapp Car Crash Journal - September 21, 2023 Category: Accident Prevention Authors: Yasuhiro Matsui Naruyuki Hosokawa Shoko Oikawa Source Type: research
Investigation of Potential Injury Patterns and Occupant Kinematicsin Frontal Impact with PMHS in Reclined Postures
Stapp Car Crash J. 2022 Nov;66:1-30. doi: 10.4271/2022-22-0001.ABSTRACTThe reality of the autonomous vehicle in a near future is growing and is expected to induce significant change inthe occupant posture with respect to a standard driving posture. The delegated driving would allow sleeping and/or resting in a seatwith a reclined posture. However, the data in the literature are rare on the body kinematics, human tolerance, and injury types insuch reclined postures. The current study aims at increasing the knowledge in the domain and providing useful data to assess therelevance of the standard injury assessment tools such a...
Source: Stapp Car Crash Journal - September 21, 2023 Category: Accident Prevention Authors: Pascal Baudrit J érôme Uriot Olivier Richard Matthieu Debray Source Type: research
Obese Occupant Response in Reclined and Upright Seated Postures in Frontal Impacts
The objective of this study was to compare the kinematics of the head-neck, torso and pelvis, and document injuries and injury patterns in frontal impacts. Six PMHS with a mean body mass index of 38.2 ± 5.3 kg/m2 were equally divided between upright and reclined groups (seatback: 23°, 45°), restrained by a three-point integrated belt, positioned on a semi-rigid seat, and exposed to low and moderate velocities (15, 32 km/h). Data included belt loads, spinal accelerations, kinematics, and injuries from x-rays, computed tomography, and necropsy. At 15 km/h speed, no significant difference in the occupant kinematics and evi...
Source: Stapp Car Crash Journal - September 21, 2023 Category: Accident Prevention Authors: Karthik Somasundaram John R Humm Narayan Yoganandan Hans Hauschild Klaus Driesslein Frank A Pintar Source Type: research
