Aerodynamic analysis of uphill drafting in cycling
AbstractSome teams aiming for victory in a mountain stage in cycling take control in the uphill sections of the stage. While drafting, the team imposes a high speed at the front of the peloton defending their team leader from opponent ’s attacks. Drafting is a well-known strategy on flat or descending sections and has been studied before in this context. However, there are no systematic and extensive studies in the scientific literature on the aerodynamic effect of uphill drafting. Some studies even suggested that for gradients above 7.2% the speeds drop to 17 km/h and the air resistance can be neglected. In this paper,...
Source: Sports Engineering - April 22, 2021 Category: Sports Medicine Source Type: research
Interaction of a golf ball with the flagstick and hole
AbstractChanges to the Rules of Golf for 2019 allow a golfer to make a stroke from the putting green with the flagstick unattended in the hole. Such an action would previously incur a penalty. This work provides a model framework for the interaction among the ball, hole, and flagstick. The model is based in part on earlier work by Holmes, who examined the ball without the flagstick as allowed under the former rules. The interaction of the ball with the hole/flagstick area is evaluated for whether the ball is holed and for the final distance from the hole in the case of a miss. The flagstick is found to be of mixed benefit,...
Source: Sports Engineering - April 22, 2021 Category: Sports Medicine Source Type: research
Applying ubiquitous sensing to estimate perceived exertion based on cardiorespiratory features
This study aimed to evaluate if an inexpensive mobile cardio-respiratory monitoring system can achieve similar performance to a metabolic cart in estimating rated perceived exertion. Eight adult men volunteered to perform treadmill tests under different conditions. Cardiorespiratory data were collected using a metabolic cart and an instrumented oral-cavity device, as well as their ratings of perceived exertion. Pearson correlation corrected for repeated measurements and stepwise regression analysis were used to observe the relationship between the cardiorespiratory features and the ratings of perceived exertion and determi...
Source: Sports Engineering - April 22, 2021 Category: Sports Medicine Source Type: research
Aerodynamic analysis of uphill drafting in cycling
AbstractSome teams aiming for victory in a mountain stage in cycling take control in the uphill sections of the stage. While drafting, the team imposes a high speed at the front of the peloton defending their team leader from opponent ’s attacks. Drafting is a well-known strategy on flat or descending sections and has been studied before in this context. However, there are no systematic and extensive studies in the scientific literature on the aerodynamic effect of uphill drafting. Some studies even suggested that for gradients above 7.2% the speeds drop to 17 km/h and the air resistance can be neglected. In this paper,...
Source: Sports Engineering - April 22, 2021 Category: Sports Medicine Source Type: research
Interaction of a golf ball with the flagstick and hole
AbstractChanges to the Rules of Golf for 2019 allow a golfer to make a stroke from the putting green with the flagstick unattended in the hole. Such an action would previously incur a penalty. This work provides a model framework for the interaction among the ball, hole, and flagstick. The model is based in part on earlier work by Holmes, who examined the ball without the flagstick as allowed under the former rules. The interaction of the ball with the hole/flagstick area is evaluated for whether the ball is holed and for the final distance from the hole in the case of a miss. The flagstick is found to be of mixed benefit,...
Source: Sports Engineering - April 22, 2021 Category: Sports Medicine Source Type: research
Applying ubiquitous sensing to estimate perceived exertion based on cardiorespiratory features
This study aimed to evaluate if an inexpensive mobile cardio-respiratory monitoring system can achieve similar performance to a metabolic cart in estimating rated perceived exertion. Eight adult men volunteered to perform treadmill tests under different conditions. Cardiorespiratory data were collected using a metabolic cart and an instrumented oral-cavity device, as well as their ratings of perceived exertion. Pearson correlation corrected for repeated measurements and stepwise regression analysis were used to observe the relationship between the cardiorespiratory features and the ratings of perceived exertion and determi...
Source: Sports Engineering - April 22, 2021 Category: Sports Medicine Source Type: research
Impact of a motorcycle on cyclist aerodynamic drag in parallel and staggered arrangements
AbstractCycling races contain a multitude of motorcycles for various activities including television broadcasting. During parts of the race, these motorcycles can ride in close proximity of cyclists. Earlier studies focused on the impact of a nearby motorcycle on cyclist drag for in-line arrangements. It was shown that not only a motorcycle in front of a cyclist but also a motorcycle closely behind a cyclist can substantially reduce cyclist drag. However, there appears to be no information in the scientific literature about the impact of the motorcycle on cyclist drag for parallel and staggered arrangements. This paper pre...
Source: Sports Engineering - April 7, 2021 Category: Sports Medicine Source Type: research
Evaluating objective measures of impairment to trunk strength and control for cross-country sit skiing
AbstractIn Paralympic cross-country sit skiing, athlete classification is performed by an expert panel, so it may be affected by subjectivity. An evidence-based classification is required, in which objective measures of impairment must be identified. The purposes of this study were: (i) to evaluate the reliability of 5 trunk strength measures and 18 trunk control measures developed for the purposes of classification; (ii) to rank the objective measures, according to the largest effects on performance. Using a new testing device, 14 elite sit-skiers performed two upright seated press tests and one simulated poling test to e...
Source: Sports Engineering - March 25, 2021 Category: Sports Medicine Source Type: research
Effect of simulated tennis steps and slides on tread element friction and wear
AbstractIn hard court tennis, players change direction by either stepping or sliding. The shoe –surface friction during these movements is crucial to player performance. Too little friction when stepping may result in a slip. Too much friction when attempting to slide could cause the player to move only a short distance, or to fail to slide. To understand the influence of tread design on sh oe–surface friction in tennis, experiments were performed on individual shoe tread elements that replicated the tribological conditions typically experienced during hard court step and slide movements. Tread element orientation had ...
Source: Sports Engineering - March 23, 2021 Category: Sports Medicine Source Type: research
Mechanics of side-slipping in alpine skiing: theory of machining snow and ice
AbstractSide-slipping (or skidding) is a feature of several manoeuvres in alpine skiing, including a few types of skiing turns. On hard snow, side-slipping involves removal of a thin top layer of snow, that makes it similar to machining of materials in manufacturing. In this paper, we briefly review the theory of machining and then propose an approximate model that can be used to describe side-slipping in skiing. We test this model against published results of laboratory experiments in machining of ice and snow and find agreement. (Source: Sports Engineering)
Source: Sports Engineering - February 13, 2021 Category: Sports Medicine Source Type: research
