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Science in the Public Mind: < em > sources and consequences of antipathy < /em >
Perspect Biol Med. 2023;66(3):468-477. doi: 10.1353/pbm.2023.a902039.ABSTRACTPublic attitudes toward science in the United States can profoundly affect national well-being, and even national security. We live in a time when these attitudes are considerably more negative than usual. This critical assessment identifies a number of contributors to public antipathy toward science, some of which are intrinsic to the nature of science and as old as science itself, and some of which are external to science, have arisen recently, and may be unique to the present. Historic examples of scientific developments and challenges and two ...
Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine - April 25, 2024 Category: Medical Ethics Authors: William H Woodruff Source Type: research

Conceptualizing Endometriosis Pain Through Metaphors
Perspect Biol Med. 2023;66(3):478-491. doi: 10.1353/pbm.2023.a902040.ABSTRACTBiomedical and philosophical traditions postulate the experience of pain either as quantifiable or as sociocultural phenomena. This critical assessment offers a close reading of Lara Parker's Vagina Problems: Endometriosis, Painful Sex, and Other Taboo Topics (2020) and Abby Norman's Ask Me About My Uterus: A Quest to Make Doctors Believe in Women's Pain (2018), analyzing the authors' use of language as a tool to comprehend and communicate pain. Norman's and Parker's memoirs narrate the lived experience of endometriosis, a condition diagnosed almo...
Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine - April 25, 2024 Category: Medical Ethics Authors: Julia M Abraham None Rajasekaran Source Type: research

What Is Light in Dark Times?
Perspect Biol Med. 2023;66(3):492-501. doi: 10.1353/pbm.2023.a902041.ABSTRACTAlisse Waterston and Charlotte Corden's Light in Dark Times (2020) began as an address by the president of the American Anthropological Association and was transformed into "a work of art and anthropology" by a member of the audience. The result was a coauthored book-length graphic essay that is expansive in subject matter, and in the representation of ideas, scholars, and questions about what it means to be human and how we will pass the time that is given us on earth. Light and dark are central to the visual representations that serve as the bac...
Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine - April 25, 2024 Category: Medical Ethics Authors: Sue E Estroff Source Type: research

Erratum
Perspect Biol Med. 2023;66(1):vii. doi: 10.1353/pbm.2023.0012.NO ABSTRACTPMID:38662003 | DOI:10.1353/pbm.2023.0012 (Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine)
Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine - April 25, 2024 Category: Medical Ethics Source Type: research

Introduction to the Special Section
Perspect Biol Med. 2023;66(1):1-2. doi: 10.1353/pbm.2023.0000.NO ABSTRACTPMID:38662004 | DOI:10.1353/pbm.2023.0000 (Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine)
Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine - April 25, 2024 Category: Medical Ethics Authors: Franklin G Miller Source Type: research

Elephants, Personhood, and Moral Status
Perspect Biol Med. 2023;66(1):3-14. doi: 10.1353/pbm.2023.0001.ABSTRACTThis essay uses the lens of moral status to explore the question of whether elephants ought to count as persons under the law. After distinguishing descriptive, moral, and legal concepts of personhood, the author argues that elephants are (descriptively) at least "borderline persons," justifying an attribution of full moral status and, thereby, a solid basis for legal personhood. A final section examines broad implications of elephant personhood.PMID:38662005 | DOI:10.1353/pbm.2023.0001 (Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine)
Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine - April 25, 2024 Category: Medical Ethics Authors: David DeGrazia Source Type: research

Amicus Brief
Perspect Biol Med. 2023;66(1):15-28. doi: 10.1353/pbm.2023.0013.NO ABSTRACTPMID:38662006 | DOI:10.1353/pbm.2023.0013 (Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine)
Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine - April 25, 2024 Category: Medical Ethics Authors: Martha C Nussbaum Source Type: research

Amicus Brief
Perspect Biol Med. 2023;66(1):29-37. doi: 10.1353/pbm.2023.0002.NO ABSTRACTPMID:38662007 | DOI:10.1353/pbm.2023.0002 (Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine)
Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine - April 25, 2024 Category: Medical Ethics Authors: Christine M Korsgaard Source Type: research

Herd Immunity: History, Concepts, and Ethical Rationale
This article provides a conceptual framework tailored to uncover the ethical rationale behind such strategies. Clarity on this issue is important in order to facilitate the terms of the political debate when tackling future health emergencies.PMID:38662008 | DOI:10.1353/pbm.2023.0003 (Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine)
Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine - April 25, 2024 Category: Medical Ethics Authors: Davide Vecchi Giorgio Airoldi Source Type: research

The Diversity of Institutions Conducting Biomedical Research
Perspect Biol Med. 2023;66(1):58-88. doi: 10.1353/pbm.2023.0004.ABSTRACTBiomedical research in the United States has contributed enormously to science and human health and is conducted in several thousand institutions that vary widely in their histories, missions, operations, size, and cultures. Though these institutional differences have important consequences for the research they conduct, the organizational taxonomy of US biomedical research has received scant systematic attention. Consequently, many observers and even participants are surprisingly unaware of important distinguishing attributes of these diverse institut...
Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine - April 25, 2024 Category: Medical Ethics Authors: Jeffrey S Flier Source Type: research

The Impact of Transmissible Microbes: How the Cystic Fibrosis Community Mobilized Against Cepacia
Perspect Biol Med. 2023;66(1):89-106. doi: 10.1353/pbm.2023.0005.ABSTRACTLong before COVID-19 made social distancing familiar, people with cystic fibrosis (CF) already practiced such behaviors. CF is held up as a classic example of genetic disease, yet people with CF are also susceptible to bacteria from the environment and from other CF patients. Starting in the 1980s, a bacterial epidemic in the CF population highlighted clashing priorities of connection, physical safety, and environmental protection. Policymakers ultimately called for the physical separation of people with CF from one another via recommendations that re...
Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine - April 25, 2024 Category: Medical Ethics Authors: Rebecca Mueller Source Type: research

Predicting Clinical Trial Results: A Synthesis of Five Empirical Studies and Their Implications
Perspect Biol Med. 2023;66(1):107-128. doi: 10.1353/pbm.2023.0006.ABSTRACTExpectations about future events underlie practically every decision we make, including those in medical research. This paper reviews five studies undertaken to assess how well medical experts could predict the outcomes of clinical trials. It explains why expert trial forecasting was the focus of study and argues that forecasting skill affords insights into the quality of expert judgment and might be harnessed to improve decision-making in care, policy, and research. The paper also addresses potential criticisms of the research agenda and summarizes ...
Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine - April 25, 2024 Category: Medical Ethics Authors: Jonathan Kimmelman David R Mandel Daniel M Benjamin Source Type: research

Past Is Prologue: Ethical Issues in Pediatric Psychedelics Research and Treatment
Perspect Biol Med. 2023;66(1):129-144. doi: 10.1353/pbm.2023.0007.ABSTRACTRecent clinical trials of psychedelic drugs aim to treat a range of psychiatric conditions in adults. MDMA and psilocybin administered with psychotherapy have received FDA designation as "breakthrough therapies" for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD) respectively. Given the potential benefit for minors burdened with many of the same disorders, calls to expand experimentation to minors are inevitable. This essay examines psychedelic research conducted on children from 1959 to 1974, highlighting methodologica...
Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine - April 25, 2024 Category: Medical Ethics Authors: Gail A Edelsohn Dominic Sisti Source Type: research

Historical Lessons on Vaccine Hesitancy: Smallpox, Polio, and Measles, and Implications for COVID-19
This study examines the history of US vaccination efforts against smallpox, polio, and measles, highlighting persistent drivers of vaccine hesitancy as well as factors that helped overcome it. The research reveals that logistical barriers, negative portrayals in the media, and fears about safety stymied inoculation efforts as early as the 18th century and continue to do so. However, vaccine hesitancy has been markedly diminished when trusted community leaders have guided efforts, when ordinary citizens have felt personally invested in the success of the vaccine, and when vaccination efforts have been tied to broader projec...
Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine - April 25, 2024 Category: Medical Ethics Authors: J J Eddy H A Smith J E Abrams Source Type: research

Narratives of Space and Time in Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis
This article examines the complexity of narratives of space and time which support the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, and the consequences for patients disadvantaged by deficits in social cognition or socioeconomic status in areas relating to literacy. In the context of demonstrating the significance of narratives of space and time in the diagnostic process for multiple sclerosis, the article discusses new strategies for treatment that engage the arts and humanities and presents a brief history of the disease and current diagnostic criteria, before discussing the MS Society of Great Britain and Ireland's awareness and fu...
Source: Perspectives in Biology and Medicine - April 25, 2024 Category: Medical Ethics Authors: Paula Leverage Source Type: research