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Correction to: Update on Adverse Effects of HIV Integrase Inhibitors
A correction to this paper has been published:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40506-020-00245-2 (Source: Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases)
Source: Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases - January 4, 2021 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Current Treatment of Chagas Disease
AbstractPurpose of reviewChagas disease (CD) is recognized as a neglected tropical disease. It is endemic of Latin America, but globalization has led to its spread worldwide. Even though its presence has been tracked at least 9000  years ago, treatment options remain scarce. The purpose of this review is to analyze the evidence for current and future options to combat the disease.Recent findingsCD patients benefit from dietary and exercise recommendations. Benznidazole and nifurtimox continue to be the available treatment options. Besides them, several drugs have been developed, repurposed, and tested in clinical trials, ...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases - November 27, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Intestinal and Extra-Intestinal Manifestations of Campylobacter in the Immunocompromised Host
AbstractPurpose of reviewDescribe most recent data on manifestations and treatment of intestinal and extra-intestinal manifestations of Campylobacter among immunocompromised patients.Recent findingsResistance to fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracycline challenge traditional empiric therapies.SummaryRecurrent Campylobacter enteritis and bacteremia are associated with hypogammaglobinemia, HIV, transplant-associated immunotherapy, and hematologic malignancies.C. jejuni andC. coli are the most commonly associated Campylobacter species althoughC. fetus,C. upsaliensis,C. lari,C. curvus, andC. rectus should be considered as...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases - November 15, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Mayaro Virus Infection: Clinical Features and Global Threat
AbstractPurpose of reviewThis review aimed to compile the main studies on the Mayaro virus (MAYV), addressing the clinical manifestations of Mayaro fever, in addition to assessing the possibility of epidemic events and a possible pandemic on a global scale.Recent findingsRecent studies using animal models and the evaluation of infection in humans demonstrate that MAYV induces a strong inflammatory response that plays an important role in the development and progression of tissue damage and in the induction of myalgia and arthralgia common to the infection. Due to the similarity of symptoms with other co-circulating arbovir...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases - November 12, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines
This article not only seeks to make available the immense salient literature on this endeavour in one collection, but also queries the basis for the remarkable success of JEV vaccines, not least of which may be the ease of protecting against encephalitis caused by JEV. To conclude, the true test of the ingenuity of those dedicated to the pursuit of viral vaccines would be success against viral diseases such as HIV-AIDS and dengue that pose a far greater challenge to scientists. (Source: Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases)
Source: Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases - November 12, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Vaccination and Therapeutics: Responding to the Changing Epidemiology of Yellow Fever
AbstractAt the turn of the nineteenth century, yellow fever (YF) was considered the most dangerous infectious disease with high case fatality. Subsequent, mass vaccination campaigns coupled with widespread elimination of the YF mosquito vector significantly decreased YF cases and reduced outbreaks to the tropical and subtropical forested regions of Africa and South America. However, recent (2016) large outbreaks in Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and South-Eastern Brazil, where previously had been demarcated as low-risk regions, have highlighted the possibility of a rapidly changing epidemiology and the potenti...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases - November 6, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

HIV-associated Cryptococcal Meningitis: a Review of Novel Short-Course and Oral Therapies
AbstractPurpose of reviewHIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis remains a significant public health problem in parts of Africa and Asia and a major cause of AIDS-related mortality, accounting for 15% of all AIDS-related deaths worldwide. Cryptococcal meningitis is uniformly fatal if untreated, and access to antifungal therapy in regions with the highest burden is often limited. Outcomes with fluconazole monotherapy are poor, and induction treatment with amphotericin B and high-dose fluconazole for 2  weeks is associated with significant drug-related toxicities and prolonged hospital admissions. This review focuses on the ...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases - November 4, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Communication with Physicians: a Tool for Improving Appropriate Antibiotic Use in the Absence of Regulatory Mechanisms
AbstractPurpose of reviewThe purpose of our review is to emphasize the impact of effective communication in bringing a behavioral change in prescribers ’ habits in absence of mandatory guidelines on usage of antibiotics.Recent findingsThe unceasing surge of inappropriate antimicrobial use has resulted in antimicrobial resistance (AMR). It is a fall out of injudicious use by healthcare workers, be it an empiric treatment owing to inadequate diagnosis, inappropriate prescribing behavior attributable to insufficient knowledge and training, or lack of confidence and financial incentives. Patient factors contributing to AMR a...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases - November 3, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Hantavirus Infections —Treatment and Prevention
AbstractPurpose of reviewHantavirus infection is an emerging zoonosis and there are two main clinical presentations, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Although Hantavirus infections have a worldwide distribution with a high mortality rate, a safe and effective vaccine or an antiviral drug against the Hantavirus disease is yet to be available. This review summarizes all the efforts undertaken to develop medical countermeasures in vitro, in vivo, and human clinical trials against Hantavirus infections.Recent findingsMultiple antivirals are shown to be effective with limited...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases - October 29, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Challenges in Implementing Surveillance Tools of High-Income Countries (HICs) in Low Middle Income Countries (LMICs )
AbstractPurpose of ReviewSurveillance of communicable diseases is essential in all countries to prevent and control infections, to detect outbreaks and also to see the effects of interventions. The data should be reliable, and collection, analysis and feedback as well as the action based on this data should be fast. In this article, author discusses the limitations the Low Middle income Countries (LMICs) have in implementing disease surveillance and some suggestions for improvement.Recent FindingsIntegrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) has been implemented successfully through most of the countries in Africa th...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases - August 27, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Hepatitis C Virus in the Elderly in the Direct-Acting Antiviral Era: from Diagnosis to Cure
AbstractPurpose of reviewHepatitis C (HCV) is the most common cause of viral hepatitis in elderly individuals. This patient population previously experienced suboptimal outcomes with interferon-based regimens. Unfortunately, patients aged 65  years and older were underrepresented in phase 2 and 3 clinical trials with newer direct acting antiviral (DAA) therapies. Since the advent of second-generation DAA in 2013, numerous robust real-world experiences highlighting the efficacy and safety of DAA in the elderly have been published. This review article summarizes the cascade of care for hepatitis C from diagnosis to cure fro...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases - August 10, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

A Review of the Diagnosis and Management of Hepatitis E
AbstractPurpose of reviewWe aim to provide the readers an up-to-date knowledge of the structure, epidemiology, and transmission followed by a detailed discussion on testing, diagnostics and management of hepatitis E virus infection. We have also included a comprehensive review of hepatitis E in pregnancy.Recent findingsEuropean Association for the Study of the Liver established clinical practice guidelines for testing and treatment of suspected hepatitis E virus infections in 2018. Evidence suggests chronic hepatitis E may follow a course similar to hepatitis B/C with progression to cirrhosis and possibly hepatocellular ca...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases - July 16, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Bloodstream Infections Caused by Waterborne Bacteria
We describe the mechanisms and risk factors related to non-gastrointestinal waterborne hospital-acquired infections, including bloodstream infections. Included are some characteristics of the main bacteria described in the literature.Recent FindingsIn the last two decades, the number of water living bacteria that had been identified as causing healthcare-associated waterborne infections has expanded. Among these,Legionella,Enterobacteriaceae,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, other non-fermenting bacteria, and nontuberculous mycobacteria are included. We describe some of the main characteristics of the bacteria associated with the in...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases - July 10, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Vaccination and Therapeutics: Responding to the Changing Epidemiology of Yellow Fever
AbstractPurpose of ReviewAt the turn of the nineteenth century, yellow fever (YF) was considered the most dangerous infectious disease with high case fatality. Subsequent, mass vaccination campaigns coupled with widespread elimination of the YF mosquito vector significantly decreased YF cases and reduced outbreaks to the tropical and subtropical forested regions of Africa and South America.Recent FindingsHowever, recent (2016) large outbreaks in Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and South-Eastern Brazil, where previously had been demarcated as low-risk regions, have highlighted the possibility of a rapidly changi...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases - July 9, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research

Barrier Precautions in the Era of Multidrug Pathogens
AbstractPurpose of reviewThere is a continuing debate regarding contact precaution (CP) usage for endemic multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). In this review, we examine current recommendations for CP and highlight differences in CP use between endemic and non-endemic MDROs.Recent findingsThe discontinuation of CP had no effect on the incidence of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistantEnterococci. The evidence regarding CP for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae is inconclusive, highlighting the need for more research to determine best infection control strategies. C...
Source: Current Treatment Options in Infectious Diseases - June 28, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: research