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Activation of G protein-coupled bile acid receptor, TGR5 induces smooth muscle relaxation via both Epac- and PKA-mediated inhibition of RhoA/Rho kinase pathway.
Abstract The present study characterized the TGR5 expression, and the signaling pathways coupled to this receptor that mediates the relaxation of gastric smooth muscle. TGR5 was detected in gastric muscle cells by RT-PCR and western blotting. Treatment of cells with the TGR5-selective ligand oleanolic acid (OA) activated Gαs, but not Gαq, Gαi1, Gαi2, or Gαi3, and increased cAMP levels. OA did not elicit contraction, but caused relaxation of carbachol-induced contraction of gastric muscle cells from wild type mice, but not tgr5-/- mice. OA, but not a selective Epac ligand (8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP), caused phosphor...
Source: American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - December 28, 2012 Category: Physiology Authors: Rajagopal S, Kumar DP, Mahavadi S, Bhattacharya S, Zhou R, Corvera C, Bunnett NW, Grider JR, Murthy KS Tags: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol Source Type: research

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression and Signaling Is Essential in Glutamine's Cytoprotective Mechanism in Heat-Stressed Intestinal Epithelial-6 Cells.
Abstract Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression and signaling can induce cellular protection after intestinal inflammation. L-glutamine (GLN) is known to prevent apoptosis after intestinal injury by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt pathways. However, it is currently unknown what role EGFR expression and signaling play in GLN-mediated cellular protection in intestinal epithelial-6 (IEC-6) cells after heat stress (HS). To address the role of EGFR in GLN's protection, IEC-6 cells were treated with GLN in the presence or absence of EGFR siRNA, EGFR t...
Source: American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - December 28, 2012 Category: Physiology Authors: Niederlechner S, Baird C, Petrie B, Wischmeyer E, Wischmeyer PE Tags: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol Source Type: research

THE IGF2 mRNA BINDING PROTEIN p62 IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: ANTI-APOPTOTIC ACTION IS INDEPENDENT OF IGF2/PI3-K SIGNALING.
Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that p62 exerts IGF2-independent anti-apoptotic action, which is facilitated via phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Furthermore, p62 might serve as a new prognostic marker in HCC. PMID: 23257922 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - December 20, 2012 Category: Physiology Authors: Kessler SM, Pokorny J, Zimmer V, Laggai S, Lammert F, Bohle RM, Kiemer AK Tags: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol Source Type: research

Expression of bile acid receptor TGR5 in gastric adenocarcinoma.
In this study we determined the expression of TGR5 in gastric adenocarcinoma and examined the role of TGR5 in cell proliferation. Strong TGR5 staining was present in 12% of cases of intestinal metaplasia but in no cases of normal gastric epithelium (p<0.01). Moderate to strong TGR5 membranous and cytoplasmic staining was present in 52% of the intestinal but in only 25% of the diffuse subtype of adenocarcinomas (p<0.001). Kaplan-Meier univariate survival analysis revealed that moderate to strong TGR5 staining was associated with decreased patient survival (p<0.05). Treatment with taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA, a bile...
Source: American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - December 13, 2012 Category: Physiology Authors: Cao W, Tian W, Hong J, Li D, Tavares R, Noble L, Moss SF, Resnick MB Tags: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol Source Type: research

Sensing of amino acids by the gut-expressed taste receptor, T1R1-T1R3, stimulates CCK secretion.
Abstract Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by endocrine cells of the proximal intestine in response to dietary components, including amino acids. CCK plays a variety of roles in digestive processes, including inhibition of food intake consistent with a role in satiety. In the lingual epithelium, the sensing of a broad spectrum of L-amino acids is accomplished by the T1R1-T1R3 heteromeric amino acid (umami) taste receptor. T1R1 and T1R3 subunits are also expressed in the intestine. A defining characteristic of umami sensing by T1R1-T1R3 is its potentiation by inosine or guanosine 5'-monophosphates (IMP/GMP). Furthe...
Source: American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - November 29, 2012 Category: Physiology Authors: Daly K, Al-Rammahi M, Moran AW, Marcello M, Ninomiya Y, Shirazi-Beechey SP Tags: Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol Source Type: research

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