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Individual Benefits and Risks of Intravaginal Estrogen and Systemic Testosterone in the Management of Women in the Menopause, With a Discussion of Any Associated Risks for Cancer Development
Several formulations of intravaginal oestrogen are available for the treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM). These are safe and effective treatments for the symptoms of GSM. Licensed doses of intravaginal oestrogen do not elevate systemic estradiol levels above the normal postmenopausal range with long term use and there is no evidence of an increased risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, thromboembolism, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, breast cancer or breast cancer recurrence with their use. This should reassure both women and their healthcare professionals and should lead to more women receiving...
Source: The Cancer Journal - May 1, 2022 Category: Cancer & Oncology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research

Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy and Reduction of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease: It Is About Time and Timing
The totality of evidence indicates menopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) effects are determined by timing of initiation according to age and/or time since menopause, underlying health of target tissue, and duration of therapy. Initiated in women at younger than 60 years and/or at or near menopause, HRT significantly reduces all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD), whereas other primary CVD prevention therapies such as lipid-lowering fail to do so. The magnitude and type of HRT-associated risks, including breast cancer, stroke, and venous thromboembolism, are rare (
Source: The Cancer Journal - May 1, 2022 Category: Cancer & Oncology Tags: Review Articles Source Type: research