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Comparing the behavioural impact of a nudge ‐based handwashing intervention to high‐intensity hygiene education: a cluster‐randomised trial in rural Bangladesh
ConclusionOur trial demonstrates sustained improved handwashing behaviour 5 months after the nudge intervention. The nudge intervention's comparable performance to a high‐intensity hygiene education intervention is encouraging. (Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health)
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health - December 1, 2017 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Elise Grover, Mohammed Kamal Hossain, Saker Uddin, Mohini Venkatesh, Pavani K. Ram, Robert Dreibelbis Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Status of tuberculosis ‐related stigma and associated factors: a cross‐sectional study in central China
ConclusionsTB‐related stigma was high among TB patients in China. Interventions concentrating on reducing TB patients’ stigma in China should focus on improving patients’ family function and patients’ knowledge about TB.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. (Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health)
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health - November 25, 2017 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Xiaoxv Yin, Shijiao Yan, Yeqing Tong, Xin Peng, Tingting Yang, Zuxun Lu, Yanhong Gong Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Who accesses surgery at district level in sub ‐Saharan Africa? Evidence from Malawi and Zambia
ConclusionsWomen of reproductive (16–45 years) mainly undergoing Caesarean sections and children aged 0–15 years who accounted for two‐thirds of trauma cases are the main patient populations undergoing surgery at district hospitals in Zambia and Malawi. Verification and analysis of routine hospital data, across 10–30% of districts countrywide, demonstrated the need to prioritise quality assurance in surgery and anaesthesia, and preventive interventions in children. ObjectifsInvestiguer l’âge et la répartition par sexe pour les types de chirurgie les plus courantes au Malawi et en Zambie. MéthodesLes données ...
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health - November 22, 2017 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Jakub Gajewski, Rachel Dharamshi, Michael Strader, John Kachimba, Eric Borgstein, Gerald Mwapasa, Mweene Cheelo, Tracey McCauley, Leon Bijlmakers, Ruairi Brugha Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Cost ‐effectiveness of liposomal amphotericin B in hospitalised patients with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
ConclusionsIn the treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, L‐AmB is a cost‐effective alternative to SbV and AmB‐D owing to its higher effectiveness, safety and shorter course. (Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health)
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health - November 22, 2017 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: S óstenes Mistro, Bárbara Gomes, Lorena Rosa, Ligia Miranda, Marianne Camargo, Roberto Badaró Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Interventions to Significantly Improve Service Uptake and Retention of HIV ‐Positive Pregnant Women and HIV‐Exposed Infants Along the PMTCT Continuum of Care: Systematic Review
ConclusionsInterventions including ANC/ART integration, family‐centered approaches, and the use of lay healthcare providers are demonstrably effective in increasing service uptake and retention of HIV‐positive mothers and their infants in PMTCT programs. Future studies should include control groups and assess whether interventions developed in the context of earlier “Options” are effective in improving outcomes in Option B+ programs.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. (Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health)
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health - November 22, 2017 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Alexandra C. Vrazo, Jacqueline Firth, Anouk Amzel, Rebecca Sedillo, Julia Ryan, B. Ryan Phelps Tags: Systematic Review Source Type: research

Low sensitivity and frequent cross ‐reactions in commercially available antibody‐detection ELISA assays for Taenia solium cysticercosis
ConclusionsThe performance of Novalisa® and Ridascreen® was poor. Antibody ELISA detection cannot not be recommended for the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. (Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health)
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health - November 21, 2017 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Hector H. Garcia, Yesenia Castillo, Isidro Gonzales, Javier A. Bustos, Herbert Saavedra, Louis Jacob, Oscar H. Del Brutto, Patricia P. Wilkins, Armando E. Gonzalez, Robert H. Gilman, Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Disability, Social Functioning and School Inclusion Among Older Children And Adolescents Living With HIV In Zimbabwe
ConclusionsChildren with HIV commonly experience disabilities and this is associated with social and educational exclusion. Rehabilitation and support services are needed to facilitate educational attainment and social participation in this group.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. (Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health)
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health - November 21, 2017 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Ruramayi Rukuni, Grace McHugh, Edith Majonga, Katharina Kranzer, Hilda Mujuru, Shungu Munyati, Kusum Nathoo, Celia L. Gregson, Hannah Kuper, Rashida A. Ferrand Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Failure to initiate HIV treatment in patients with high CD4 counts: evidence from demographic surveillance in rural KwaZulu ‐Natal
ConclusionsIndividuals presenting for HIV care at higher CD4 counts were less likely to initiate ART than patients presenting at low CD4 counts. Overall ART uptake was low. Under new guidelines that establish ART eligibility regardless of CD4 count, patients with high CD4 counts may require additional interventions to encourage treatment initiation.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. (Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health)
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health - November 21, 2017 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Jacob Bor, Calvin Chiu, Shahira Ahmed, Ingrid Katz, Matt Fox, Sydney Rosen, Manisha Yapa, Frank Tanser, Deenan Pillay, Till B ärnighausen Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Is hearing impairment associated with HIV? A systematic review of data from low ‐ and middle‐income countries
ConclusionsThe current evidence is suggestive of a high prevalence of hearing loss among people living with HIV compared to people without HIV, or to WHO estimates for the general population. More research is needed to better understand the aetiology of hearing loss in relation to HIV, and whether screening for and treatment of hearing loss can be effectively integrated into HIV treatment services needs further research. (Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health)
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health - November 20, 2017 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Robbert J. H. Ensink, Hannah Kuper Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Treatment of self ‐poisoning at a tertiary‐level hospital in Bangladesh: cost to patients and government
ConclusionsCost to patients of treating a case of agrochemical poisoning was approximately three times the cost of one month's essential items basket. Incorrect diagnosis at admission costs families substantial sums of money and increased length of stay; it costs the national government an estimated US$ 80 428.80 annually. Widespread access to a list of pesticides used in self‐poisoning plus greater focus on training doctors to better manage different forms of agrochemical poisoning should reduce the financial burden to patients and healthcare systems. (Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health)
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health - November 16, 2017 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Vasundhara Verma, Sujat Paul, Aniruddha Ghose, Michael Eddleston, Flemming Konradsen Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

The association between female genital fistula symptoms and gender ‐based violence: A multi‐country secondary analysis of household survey data
ConclusionsThe increased risk of physical and sexual violence among women with fistula symptoms suggests that fistula programs should incorporate GBV into provider training and services.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. (Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health)
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health - November 15, 2017 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Lindsay Mallick, Vandana Tripathi Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Neurodevelopmental Outcome of HIV ‐ exposed but uninfected infants in the Mother and Infants Health Study, Cape Town, South Africa
ConclusionsAlthough findings on early neurodevelopmental outcome of HEU infants are reassuring, minor differences in vocalisation and on neurological examination indicate a need for reassessment at a later age.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. (Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health)
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health - November 13, 2017 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Priscilla E. Springer, Amy L. Slogrove, Barbara Laughton, Julie A. Bettinger, Henri ëtte H. Saunders, Christopher D. Molteno, Mariana Kruger Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus causing community ‐acquired skin and soft tissue infections on Java and Bali, Indonesia
ConclusionsCommunity‐acquired SSTI in Indonesia was frequently caused by PVL‐positive MSSA, and the hospital‐associated ST239‐MRSA may have spread from the hospital into the community.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. (Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health)
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health - November 10, 2017 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Dewi Santosaningsih, Sanarto Santoso, Nanik Setijowati, Harun A. Rasyid, Nyoman S. Budayanti, Ketut Suata, Dicky B. Widhyatmoko, Priyo B. Purwono, Kuntaman Kuntaman, Damayanti Damayanti, Cita R. S. Prakoeswa, Mitchell Laurens, Josephine W. I. van Nierop, Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Viraemia before, during and after pregnancy in HIV ‐infected women on antiretroviral therapy in rural KwaZulu‐Natal‐South Africa, 2010‐2015
ConclusionsWhile undetectable viral load before pregnancy through postpartum was common, the UNAIDS goal to suppress viraemia in 90% of women was not met. Women on preconception ART remain vulnerable to viraemia; additional support is required to prevent mother‐to‐child HIV transmission and maintain maternal health.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. (Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health)
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health - November 9, 2017 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Terusha Chetty, Marie ‐Louise Newell, Claire Thorne, Anna Coutsoudis Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Enteric Infections in Young Children are Associated with Environmental Enteropathy and Impaired Growth
ConclusionThe presence of enteric pathogens in stool was significantly associated with EE and impaired growth in rural Bangladesh. These findings provide further evidence to support the hypothesis that contaminated soil in child play spaces can lead to enteric infections, many of which are likely subclinical, resulting in EE and impaired growth in young children.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. (Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health)
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health - November 9, 2017 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Christine Marie George, Vanessa Burrowes, Jamie Perin, Lauren Oldja, Shwapon Biswas, David Sack, Shahnawaz Ahmed, Rashidul Haque, Nurul Amin Bhuiyan, Tahmina Parvin, Sazzadul Islam Bhuyian, Mahmuda Akter, Shan Li, Gayathri Natarajan, Mohammad Shahnaij, Ab Tags: Original Article Source Type: research