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Methylglyoxal Metabolism and Aging-Related Disease: Moving from Correlation toward Causation
Publication date: Available online 19 November 2019Source: Trends in Endocrinology & MetabolismAuthor(s): Rasmus Kold-Christensen, Mogens JohannsenMethylglyoxal (MG) is a ubiquitous metabolite that spontaneously reacts with biopolymers forming advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). AGEs are strongly associated with aging-related diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes. As the formation of AGEs is nonenzymatic, the damage caused by MG and AGEs has been regarded as unspecific. This may have resulted in the field generally been regarded as unappealing by many researchers, as detailed mechanisms h...
Source: Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism - November 20, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Diet-Induced Modification of the Sperm Epigenome Programs Metabolism and Behavior
Publication date: Available online 16 November 2019Source: Trends in Endocrinology & MetabolismAuthor(s): Carina Bodden, Anthony J. Hannan, Amy C. ReicheltGlobally, obesity has reached epidemic proportions. The rapidly increasing numbers of overweight people can be traced back to overconsumption of energy-dense, poor-quality foods as well as physical inactivity. This development has far-reaching and costly implications. Not only is obesity associated with serious physiological and psychological complications, but mounting evidence also indicates a ripple effect through generations via epigenetic changes. Parental obesity c...
Source: Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism - November 17, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Immunoregulatory Functions of Nuclear Receptors: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications
Publication date: Available online 6 November 2019Source: Trends in Endocrinology & MetabolismAuthor(s): Linjie Zhao, Ryan C. Gimple, Zhengnan Yang, Yuquan Wei, Jan-Åke Gustafsson, Shengtao ZhouMembers of the nuclear receptor superfamily serve as master regulators in signaling by either positively or negatively regulating gene expression. Accumulating evidence has suggested that nuclear receptors are actively involved in immune responses, with specific roles in different immune cell compartments that contribute to both normal function and to disease development. The druggable properties of nuclear receptors have made them...
Source: Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism - November 7, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Epigenetic Mechanisms of the Glucocorticoid Receptor
Publication date: November 2019Source: Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 30, Issue 11Author(s): Andrew A. Bartlett, Hannah E. Lapp, Richard G. HunterThe glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been shown to be important for mediating cellular responses to stress and circulating glucocorticoids. Ligand-dependent transcriptional changes induced by GR are observed across numerous tissues. However, the mechanisms by which GR achieves cell and tissue-specific effects are less clear. Epigenetic mechanisms have been proposed to explain some of these differences as well as some of the lasting, even transgenerational, effects o...
Source: Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism - November 5, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Avian Leptin: Bird’s-Eye View of the Evolution of Vertebrate Energy-Balance Control
Publication date: November 2019Source: Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 30, Issue 11Author(s): Miriam Friedman-Einat, Eyal SeroussiDiscovery of the satiety hormone leptin in 1994 and its characterization in mammals provided a key tool to deciphering the complex mechanism governing adipose tissue regulation of appetite and energy expenditure. Surprisingly, despite the perfectly logical notion of an energy-storing tissue announcing the amount of fat stores using leptin signaling, alternate mechanisms were chosen in bird evolution. This conclusion emerged based on the recent discovery and characterization of genui...
Source: Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism - November 5, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Subscription and Copyright Information
Publication date: November 2019Source: Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 30, Issue 11Author(s): (Source: Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism)
Source: Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism - November 5, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

PTH/PTHrP Receptor Signaling, Allostery, and Structures
Publication date: November 2019Source: Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 30, Issue 11Author(s): Ieva Sutkeviciute, Lisa J. Clark, Alex D. White, Thomas J. Gardella, Jean-Pierre VilardagaThe parathyroid hormone (PTH) type 1 receptor (PTHR) is the canonical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) for PTH and PTH-related protein (PTHrP) and the key regulator of calcium homeostasis and bone turnover. PTHR function is critical for human health to maintain homeostatic control of ionized serum Ca2+ levels and has several unusual signaling features, such as endosomal cAMP signaling, that are well-studied but not structurally ...
Source: Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism - November 5, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Editorial Board and Contents
Publication date: November 2019Source: Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 30, Issue 11Author(s): (Source: Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism)
Source: Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism - November 5, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Diabetes Type 2 and Kisspeptin: Central and Peripheral Sex-Specific Actions
Publication date: November 2019Source: Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 30, Issue 11Author(s): Monika Dudek, Kamil Ziarniak, Marie-Line Cateau, Laurence Dufourny, Joanna Helena SliwowskaKisspeptin (KP) plays a major role in the regulation of reproduction governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. However, recent findings suggest that the KP system is present not only centrally (at the level of the hypothalamus), but also in the peripheral organs crucial for the control of metabolism. The KP system is sexually differentiated in the hypothalamus, and it is of particular interest to study wheth...
Source: Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism - November 5, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Temporally Tuned Corticosteroid Feedback Regulation of the Stress Axis
Publication date: November 2019Source: Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 30, Issue 11Author(s): Joon S. Kim, Karl J. IremongerActivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is tuned by corticosteroid feedback. Corticosteroids regulate cellular function via genomic and nongenomic mechanisms, which operate over diverse time scales. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of how corticosteroid feedback regulates hypothalamic stress neuron function and output through synaptic plasticity, changes in intrinsic excitability, and modulation of neuropeptide production. The temporal kine...
Source: Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism - November 5, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Growth Factor-Dependent and -Independent Activation of mTORC2
Publication date: Available online 4 November 2019Source: Trends in Endocrinology & MetabolismAuthor(s): Jonas R. Knudsen, Andreas M. Fritzen, David E. James, Thomas E. Jensen, Maximilian Kleinert, Erik A. RichterThe target of rapamycin complex 2 (TORC2) was discovered in 2002 in budding yeast. Its mammalian counterpart, mTORC2, was first described in 2004. Soon thereafter it was demonstrated that mTORC2 directly phosphorylates Akt on Ser473, ending a long search for the elusive ‘second’ insulin-responsive Akt kinase. In this review we discuss key evidence pertaining to the subcellular localization of mTORC2, highlight...
Source: Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism - November 5, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Pros and Cons of Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy in Cancer Biology
Publication date: Available online 4 November 2019Source: Trends in Endocrinology & MetabolismAuthor(s): Esperanza Arias, Ana Maria CuervoAutophagy contributes to cellular quality control and energetics through lysosomal breakdown and recycling of essential cellular components. Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) adds to these autophagic functions the ability to timely and selectively degrade single tagged proteins to terminate their cellular function and, in this way, participate in the regulation of multiple cellular processes. Many cancer cells upregulate CMA for protumorigenic and prosurvival purposes. However, growing ...
Source: Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism - November 5, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Role of Nitric Oxide in Insulin Secretion and Glucose Metabolism
Publication date: Available online 2 November 2019Source: Trends in Endocrinology & MetabolismAuthor(s): Zahra Bahadoran, Parvin Mirmiran, Asghar GhasemiNitric oxide (NO) contributes to carbohydrate metabolism and decreased NO bioavailability is involved in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). NO donors may improve insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis in T2DM and insulin resistance (IR), suggesting the potential clinical importance of NO-based interventions. In this review, site-specific roles of the NO synthase (NOS)–NO pathway in carbohydrate metabolism are discussed. In addition, the metabolic effe...
Source: Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism - November 4, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Intersection of the Gut Microbiome and Circadian Rhythms in Metabolism
Publication date: Available online 31 October 2019Source: Trends in Endocrinology & MetabolismAuthor(s): Katya Frazier, Eugene B. ChangThe gut microbiome and circadian rhythms (CRs) both exhibit unique influence on mammalian hosts and have been implicated in the context of many diseases, particularly metabolic disorders. It has become increasingly apparent that these systems also interact closely to alter host physiology and metabolism. However, the mechanisms that underlie these observations remain largely unknown. Recent findings have implicated microbially derived mediators as potential signals between the gut microbiom...
Source: Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism - November 2, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research

Polymeric Carriers for Controlled Drug Delivery in Obesity Treatment
Publication date: Available online 25 October 2019Source: Trends in Endocrinology & MetabolismAuthor(s): Di Huang, Meng Deng, Shihuan KuangThe global rise in the prevalence of obesity and affiliated metabolic syndrome poses a significant threat to human health. Various approaches, including bariatric surgery and pharmacotherapy, have been used in the clinical setting for obesity treatment; however, these conventional options remain ineffective and carry risks of adverse effects. Therefore, treatments with higher efficacy and specificity are urgently required. Emerging drug delivery systems use polymeric materials and chemi...
Source: Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism - October 27, 2019 Category: Endocrinology Source Type: research