[Editorial] The dengue vaccine dilemma
Dengue is the most common mosquito-transmitted viral infectious disease. A 2016 study estimated nearly 60 million symptomatic dengue cases worldwide every year (estimates including asymptomatic cases are at least six times higher), resulting in about 10 000 deaths. 4 billion people are at-risk in 128 countries where aedes mosquito vectors are present. Efforts to develop a vaccine against dengue have been ongoing for decades. The first such vaccine to be used routinely is CYD-TDV (marketed as Dengvaxia), a live, attenuated tetravalent product dev eloped by Sanofi Pasteur. (Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases)
Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases - January 26, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: The Lancet Infectious Diseases Tags: Editorial Source Type: research
[Articles] Evaluation of the association between the concentrations of key vaginal bacteria and the increased risk of HIV acquisition in African women from five cohorts: a nested case-control study
Differences in the vaginal microbial diversity and concentrations of key bacteria were associated with greater risk of HIV acquisition in women. Defining vaginal bacterial taxa associated with HIV risk could point to mechanisms that influence HIV susceptibility and provide important targets for future prevention research. (Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases)
Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases - January 25, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: R Scott McClelland, Jairam R Lingappa, Sujatha Srinivasan, John Kinuthia, Grace C John-Stewart, Walter Jaoko, Barbra A Richardson, Krista Yuhas, Tina L Fiedler, Kishorchandra N Mandaliya, Matthew M Munch, Nelly R Mugo, Craig R Cohen, Jared M Baeten, Conni Tags: Articles Source Type: research
[Articles] Molecular surveillance of norovirus, 2005 –16: an epidemiological analysis of data collected from the NoroNet network
Continuous changes in the global norovirus genetic diversity highlight the need for sustained global norovirus surveillance, including assessment of possible immune escape and evolution by recombination, to provide a full overview of norovirus epidemiology for future vaccine policy decisions. (Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases)
Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases - January 25, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Janko van Beek, Miranda de Graaf, Haider Al-Hello, David J Allen, Katia Ambert-Balay, Nadine Botteldoorn, Mia Brytting, Javier Buesa, Maria Cabrerizo, Martin Chan, Fiona Cloak, Ilaria Di Bartolo, Susana Guix, Joanne Hewitt, Nobuhiro Iritani, Miao Jin, Rei Tags: Articles Source Type: research
[Comment] Vaginal microbes, inflammation, and HIV risk in African women
Women from sub-Saharan Africa have a disproportionately higher risk of becoming infected with HIV than their male counterparts. Having bacterial vaginosis, a heterogeneous vaginal microbial dysbiosis, increases a woman's risk of acquiring HIV infection1 and the risk of transmitting the virus to their partners2 or their children during childbirth.3 Although bacterial vaginosis is highly prevalent and recurrent in reproductive-aged women worldwide, the composition of organisms that constitute this condition might differ regionally and ethnically. (Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases)
Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases - January 25, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Jo-Ann S Passmore, Heather B Jaspan Tags: Comment Source Type: research
[Comment] Norovirus surveillance comes of age: the impact of NoroNet
Noroviruses are associated with a staggering number of illnesses worldwide annually.1 The typical clinical case is an acute and self-limiting gastroenteritis that can be managed by rehydration therapy. However, illness can become life-threatening in the young and old and in patients with underlying disease, supporting the need for vaccines.2 Vaccine design has been challenging, in part, because of the genotypic diversity of norovirus strains.3 Findings presented by Janko van Beek and colleagues4 in The Lancet Infectious Diseases show the importance of global norovirus surveillance to the development of vaccines and for sus...
Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases - January 25, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Kim Y Green Tags: Comment Source Type: research
[Articles] Rapid increase in non-vaccine serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease in England and Wales, 2000 –17: a prospective national observational cohort study
Both PCV7 and PCV13 have had a major effect in reducing the burden of invasive pneumococcal disease in England and Wales; however, rapid increases in some non-PCV13 serotypes are compromising the benefits of the programme. (Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases)
Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases - January 25, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Shamez N Ladhani, Sarah Collins, Abdelmajid Djennad, Carmen L Sheppard, Ray Borrow, Norman K Fry, Nicholas J Andrews, Elizabeth Miller, Mary E Ramsay Tags: Articles Source Type: research
[Comment] Use of data to drive pneumococcal conjugate vaccine policy
In The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Shamez Ladhani and colleagues1 describe changes in invasive pneumococcal disease in the UK over a 17-year period, during which two pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) were introduced for infants: the seven-valent vaccine (PCV7) in 2006, and the 13-valent vaccine (PCV13) in 2010.1 The authors estimate that 38 366 invasive pneumococcal disease cases were prevented in England and Wales during the decade of PCV use. Although disease incidence declined by the largest percentage in the vaccine target age group (from 49·00 cases per 100 000 population in 2000–06 to 13·90 per 100 00...
Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases - January 25, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Tamara Pilishvili, Cynthia G Whitney Tags: Comment Source Type: research
[Comment] Could omics unlock the secret of surviving tuberculous meningitis?
Despite devastating mortality among patients with tuberculosis meningitis, little progress has been made in understanding the pathophysiology of this disease since the landmark autopsy studies of Rich and McCordick in the 1930s.1 Even with treatment, two-thirds of patients die or are left with severe neurological deficits, including cognitive impairment, epilepsy, and paralysis.2 In The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Arjan van Laarhoven and colleagues3 present an elegant systems biology (or multi-omics) approach designed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms that cause these dire outcomes and ultimately aiming to identify ne...
Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases - January 24, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Sarah J Dunstan, Maxine Caws Tags: Comment Source Type: research
[Articles] The effects of antibiotic cycling and mixing on antibiotic resistance in intensive care units: a cluster-randomised crossover trial
Antibiotic cycling does not reduce the prevalence of carriage of antibiotic-resistant, Gram-negative bacteria in patients admitted to the ICU. (Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases)
Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases - January 24, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Pleun Joppe van Duijn, Walter Verbrugghe, Philippe Germaine Jorens, Fabian Sp öhr, Dirk Schedler, Maria Deja, Andreas Rothbart, Djillali Annane, Christine Lawrence, Jean-Claude Nguyen Van, Benoit Misset, Matjaz Jereb, Katja Seme, Franc Šifrer, Viktorija Tags: Articles Source Type: research
[Comment] Antibiotic strategies in critical care: back to square one?
The worth of antibiotics to human health is without bound, but antimicrobial resistance poses a serious threat to this treasured resource.1 Reduction of the selection pressure on pathogens through the rational use of antimicrobials, and discernment of which antibiotic treatment strategies achieve this goal, are now international priorities. Antibiotic stewardship encompasses different evidence-based measures to improve the appropriate use of antibiotics by promoting selection of optimal drug regimens, including dosing, duration of therapy, and route of administration. (Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases)
Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases - January 24, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Philipp Schuetz, Robert Eric Beardmore Tags: Comment Source Type: research
[Articles] Cerebral tryptophan metabolism and outcome of tuberculous meningitis: an observational cohort study
Cerebral tryptophan metabolism, which is known to affect Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth and CNS inflammation, is important for the outcome of tuberculous meningitis. CSF tryptophan concentrations in tuberculous meningitis are under strong genetic influence, probably contributing to the variable outcomes of tuberculous meningitis. Interventions targeting tryptophan metabolism could improve outcomes of tuberculous meningitis. (Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases)
Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases - January 23, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Arjan van Laarhoven, Sofiati Dian, Ra úl Aguirre-Gamboa, Julian Avila-Pacheco, Isis Ricaño-Ponce, Carolien Ruesen, Jessi Annisa, Valerie A C M Koeken, Lidya Chaidir, Yang Li, Tri Hanggono Achmad, Leo A B Joosten, Richard A Notebaart, Rovina Ruslami, Mih Tags: Articles Source Type: research
[Articles] The persistence and oscillations of submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections over time in Vietnam: an open cohort study
Persistent largely asymptomatic P vivax and P falciparum infections are common in this area of low seasonal malaria transmission. Infections with low-density parasitaemias can develop into much higher density infections at a later time, which are likely to sustain malaria endemicity. (Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases)
Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases - January 22, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Thuy-Nhien Nguyen, Lorenz von Seidlein, Tuong-Vy Nguyen, Phuc-Nhi Truong, Son Do Hung, Huong-Thu Pham, Tam-Uyen Nguyen, Thanh Dong Le, Van Hue Dao, Mavuto Mukaka, Nicholas PJ Day, Nicholas J White, Arjen M Dondorp, Guy E Thwaites, Tran Tinh Hien Tags: Articles Source Type: research
[Comment] Asymptomatic low-density malaria infections: a parasite survival strategy?
Malaria parasitaemias are usually suppressed or eliminated in the human host by the immune system and antimalarial drugs. Low-density asymptomatic infections are therefore expected to be common in high-endemic areas with high herd immunity and premunition in the population. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent, with sensitive molecular PCR-based diagnostics, that submicroscopical asymptomatic infections are also common in low-endemic areas,1 despite residents having little protective or suppressive immunity. (Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases)
Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases - January 22, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Anders B Bj örkman Tags: Comment Source Type: research
[Articles] Immunogenicity and safety of the multicomponent meningococcal B vaccine (4CMenB) in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
4CMenB has an acceptable short-term safety profile. The primary course is sufficient to achieve a satisfactory immune response within 30 days of vaccination. A booster dose is required for children to prolong the protection against strain M10713, and the long-term immunogenicity against strain NZ98/254 remains suboptimal. (Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases)
Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases - January 19, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Maria Elena Flacco, Lamberto Manzoli, Annalisa Rosso, Carolina Marzuillo, Mario Bergamini, Armando Stefanati, Rosario Cultrera, Paolo Villari, Walter Ricciardi, John P A Ioannidis, Despina G Contopoulos-Ioannidis Tags: Articles Source Type: research
[Articles] Chlamydia trachomatis and the risk of spontaneous preterm birth, babies who are born small for gestational age, and stillbirth: a population-based cohort study
A genital chlamydia infection that is diagnosed and, presumably, treated either during or before pregnancy does not substantially increase a woman's risk of having a spontaneous preterm birth, having a baby who is small for gestational age, or having a stillbirth. (Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases)
Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases - January 19, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Joanne Reekie, Christine Roberts, David Preen, Jane S Hocking, Basil Donovan, James Ward, Donna B Mak, Bette Liu, Chlamydia and Reproductive Health Outcome Investigators Tags: Articles Source Type: research
