Paroxysmal dyskinesias
(PD) are hyperkinetic movement disorders where patients usually retain consciousness. Paroxysmal dyskinesias can be kinesigenic (PKD), non-kinesigenic (PNKD) and exercise induced (PED). These are usually differentiated from each other based on their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Genetic causes of PD are continuing to be discovered. Genes found to be involved in the pathogenesis of PD include MR-1, PRRT2, SLC2A1, KCNMA1. The differential diagnosis is broad as PDs can mimic psychogenic events, seizure or other movement disorders. (Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology)
Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology - December 27, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Sara McGuire, Swati Chanchani, Divya S. Khurana Source Type: research
Stereotypic Movement Disorders
This review summarizes motor stereotypies in terms of description, prevalence, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. They are fixed and persistent movements. Stereotypies begin before 3 years of age and continue into adulthood. Primary motor stereotypies occur in children of normal intelligence, whereas secondary stereotypies ensue in the setting of an additional diagnosis such as autism spectrum disorder or other neurologic disorders. They are highly associated with comorbidities such as anxiety, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, inattention, and tics. (Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology)
Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology - December 26, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Mackenzie Katherine Source Type: research
Stereotypic Movement Disorders
This review summarizes motor stereotypies in terms of diagnosis, description, prevalence, pathophysiology and management. Stereotypies are fixed and chronic movements. Stereotypies begin before 3 years of age and continue into adulthood. Primary motor stereotypies occur in children of normal intelligence whereas secondary stereotypies occur in the setting of an additional diagnosis such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or other neurologic disorders. They are highly associated with co-morbidities such as anxiety, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, inattention, and tics. (Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology)
Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology - December 26, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Katherine Mackenzie Source Type: research
Clinical Approach to a Child with Movement Disorders
Assessing movement can be especially challenging in children. Refined yet flexible observational examination skills and utilization of established phenomenological approaches are essential in distinguishing normal from abnormal movements in the developing child and reaching an appropriate diagnosis. Mastering such skill requires an appreciation of the unique features of the developing motor system and an understanding of key concepts underlying normal motor development in children. Establishing a trusting therapeutic relationship with the patient and family, minimizing anxiety, and utilizing observation and distraction dur...
Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology - December 20, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Jennifer A. O ’Malley, Donald L. Gilbert Source Type: research
Psychiatric Treatment and Management of Psychiatric Comorbidities of Movement Disorders
Pediatric movement disorders may present with psychiatric symptoms at many points during the course of the disease. For the relatively common pediatric movement disorder, Tourette syndrome, psychiatric comorbidities are well-described and treatment is well-studied. Managing these comorbidities may be more effective than improving the movements themselves. For more uncommon movement disorders, such as juvenile-onset Huntington disease, treatment of psychiatric comorbidities is not well-characterized, and best-practice recommendations are not available. (Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology)
Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology - December 20, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Kelda Harris Walsh, Katherine Soe, Shivali Sarawgi Source Type: research
Tic Disorders and PANDAS
Tics are the most common movement disorder in childhood and are a frequent reason for referral to child neurology clinics. The purpose of this review is to examine the phenomenology of tics, discuss what is known regarding their genetic and pathophysiological causes and to evaluate current treatment options. The evidence for the evaluation and treatment of the controversial diagnosis of pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with group A streptococci (PANDAS) will also be reviewed. (Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology)
Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology - December 20, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Joanna S. Blackburn Source Type: research
Clinical Approach to a Child with Movement Disorders
Assessing movement can be especially challenging in children. Refined yet flexible observational examination skills and utilization of established phenomenological approaches are essential in distinguishing normal from abnormal movements in the developing child and reaching an appropriate diagnosis. Mastering such skill requires an appreciation of the unique features of the developing motor system and an understanding of key concepts underlying normal motor development in children. Establishing a trusting therapeutic relationship with the patient and family, minimizing anxiety, and utilizing observation and distraction dur...
Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology - December 20, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Jennifer A. O ’Malley, Donald L. Gilbert Source Type: research
Clinical Approach to a Child with Disordered Movements
Assessing movement can be especially challenging in children. Refined yet flexible observational exam skills and utilization of established phenomenological approaches are essential in distinguishing normal from abnormal movements in the developing child and reaching an appropriate diagnosis. Mastering such skill requires an appreciation of the unique features of the developing motor system and an understanding of key concepts underlying normal motor development in children. Establishing a trusting therapeutic relationship with the patient and family, minimizing anxiety, and utilizing observation and distraction during phy...
Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology - December 20, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Jennifer A. O ′Malley, Donald L. Gilbert Source Type: research
Psychiatric Treatment and Management of Psychiatric Comorbidities of Movement Disorders
Pediatric movement disorders may present with psychiatric symptoms at many points during the course of the disease. For the relatively common pediatric movement disorder, Tourette syndrome, psychiatric comorbidities are well-described and treatment is well-studied. Treating these comorbidities may be more effective than treating the movements themselves. For more uncommon movement disorders, such as juvenile-onset Huntington disease, treatment of psychiatric comorbidities is not well-characterized, and best practice recommendations are not available. (Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology)
Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology - December 20, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Kelda Harris Walsh, Katherine Soe, Shivali Sarawgi Source Type: research
Tics Disorders and PANDAS
Tics are the most common movement disorder in childhood and are a frequent reason for referral to child neurology clinics. The purpose of this review is to examine the phenomenology of tics, discuss what is known regarding their genetic and pathophysiologic causes and to evaluate current treatment options. The evidence for the evaluation and treatment of the controversial diagnosis of Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with group A Streptococci (PANDAS) will also be reviewed. (Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology)
Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology - December 20, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Joanna Sarah Blackburn Source Type: research
In Memoriam: Isabelle Rapin, MD (1927-2017)
Isabelle Rapin attended the University of Lausanne Medical School and received her medical degree in 1952. She arrived in New York City in 1953 for an internship in pediatrics at Bellevue Hospital, followed by a neurology residency at New York Neurological Institute at Columbia-Presbyterian Hospital. In 1958, she was recruited to the Department of Neurology at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University. She quickly established a training program for child neurology and over the next 50 plus years Dr Rapin helped train over 100 child neurology residents, and many more adult neurologists. (Source: Seminars...
Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology - November 2, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Introduction
Children with epilepsy are at increased risk for cognitive, behavioral and mental health problems. The co-occurrence of neurodevelopmental disorders is significantly higher in patients with complicated epilepsy or epileptic encephalopathies. Deficits in cognition and executive function can predate the onset of seizures, suggesting that these clinical manifestations are the co-expression of a common developmental brain disorder. Comorbid conditions associated with childhood epilepsy also include headaches, sleep disorders, autonomic dysregulation and problems with bone health or endocrine system. (Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology)
Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology - November 2, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
In Memoriam: Isabelle Rapin, M.D. (1927 –2017)
Isabelle Rapin attended the University of Lausanne Medical School and received her medical degree in 1952. She arrived in New York City in 1953 for an internship in pediatrics at Bellevue Hospital, followed by a neurology residency at New York Neurological Institute at Columbia-Presbyterian Hospital. In 1958, she was recruitonsider changing this portion?ed to the Department of Neurology at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University and she quickly established a training program for child neurology. (Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology)
Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology - November 2, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Associated Cognitive Dysfunction in Pediatric Epilepsy
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neuropsychiatric comorbidity associated with childhood epilepsy, affecting about a third of children with epilepsy. In contrast, ADHD in the general population occurs in 4%-12% of school-aged children. The cause of this association remains unclear. It is likely that common mechanisms underlie the vulnerability for both executive deficits and epileptogenesis. There are characteristics unique to children with ADHD and epilepsy. The inattentive type of ADHD is more prevalent than the combined presentation in children with epilepsy, while the combined type is m...
Source: Seminars in Pediatric Neurology - October 25, 2017 Category: Neurology Authors: Jorge Vidaurre, Jaime Dawn E. Twanow Source Type: research
