International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.

Population pharmacokinetics and simulations of imipenem in critically ill patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy
Imipenem is a leading antibiotic of the carbapenem family with a broad antibacterial spectrum against gram-positive, gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria [1]. It is frequently used in the treatment of critically ill patients with severe infections due to its wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. As a β-lactam, imipenem exhibits time-dependent bactericidal activity, and the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) index that best correlates with its clinical efficacy is the free plasma concentration remains above MIC of the pathogens (fT>MIC) with a target of fractional time at least 40% [2]. (Source: International Journ...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 26, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Sanwang Li, Feifan Xie Source Type: research

Combination therapy with polymyxin B for carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection
Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates are among the most common bacteria causing hospital acquired infections, including bloodstream infections (BSIs) [1, 2]. Carbapenems used to be the antimicrobials of last resort against Enterobacteriaceae, including K. pneumoniae; however, the activity of this class has been threatened by the emergence of carbapenemase producing isolates, notably KPC-producing K. pneumoniae (KPC-KP) [1, 2]. Infections caused by KPC-KP usually affect patients with multiple comorbidities and are associated with higher mortality rates [3]. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 26, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Gregory Saraiva Medeiros, Maria Helena Rigatto, Diego Rodrigues Falci, Alexandre P Zavascki Source Type: research

Chemotherapeutic options for the treatment of human trichomoniasis
Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of human trichomoniasis, with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 170 million cases per year. This rate has significantly increased in the past 10 years [1]. Overall, trichomoniasis was estimated to have caused 198,000 years of life with disability in 2016 [1]. Reported percentages of asymptomatic cases vary from 11-85 % in women [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14] and 56.25-76.8 % in men [3, 15], and the estimated number of unreported cases of individuals exposed to infection can be assumed to be much higher. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 26, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Erik K üng, Ursula Fürnkranz, Julia Walochnik Tags: Review Source Type: research

In vitro activity of cefiderocol, a siderophore cephalosporin, against a recent collection of clinically relevant carbapenem-nonsusceptible Gram-negative bacilli, including serine carbapenemase- and metallo- β-lactamase-producing isolates (SIDERO-WT-2014 Study)
Cefiderocol is a siderophore cephalosporin in development for treatment of infections caused by Gram-negative bacilli including carbapenem-resistant and multidrug-resistant isolates. The β-lactamase carriage and in vitro activity of cefiderocol were determined against 1,272 meropenem-nonsusceptible isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii collected as part of the SIDERO-WT-2014 surveillance study. MIC values for cefiderocol were ≤4 µg/mL against 97.7% of tested isolates, including 100% of IMP-positive (range, 1-2 µg/mL), OXA-58-positive (MIC90, 1 µg/mL), KPC-positive (MIC90, ...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 25, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Krystyna M. KAZMIERCZAK, Masakatsu TSUJI, Mark G. WISE, Meredith HACKEL, Yoshinori YAMANO, Roger ECHOLS, Daniel F. SAHM Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research

Outcomes of Fosfomycin Use in Ceftriaxone-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Urinary Tract Infection in the Elderly
Fosfomycin is a cell-wall active antibiotic with bactericidal activity against many gram-positive and negative bacteria. One dose of 3g oral Fosfomycin is indicated for uncomplicated cystitis in females [1]. Increasingly, it is used to treat cystitis caused by drug-resistant organisms but data on patients with renal impairment are lacking. We conducted a retrospective study to determine the safety and efficacy of fosfomycin in treating cystitis caused by extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) Enterobacteriaceae in a 1400-bed teaching hospital. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 25, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Wei Ming Quek, Christine B. Teng, Yan Zhi Tan, Kelly Chong, David C. lye, Tat Ming Ng Source Type: research

Similarities and differences in antimicrobial prescribing between Australian major-city hospitals and regional and remote hospitals
Many regional and remote hospitals are without specialist services that usually support Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) programs in major-city hospitals. Whether this is associated with higher rates of inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine if there are similarities and differences in antimicrobial prescribing patterns between Australian major-city hospitals and regional and remote hospitals (RRH).The Australian hospital National Antimicrobial Prescribing Survey (H-NAPS) datasets from 2014, 2015 and 2016 (totalling 47,876 antimicrobial prescriptions) were analysed. (Sourc...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 25, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Jaclyn L. Bishop, Thomas R Schulz, David CM Kong, Rodney James, Kirsty L. Buising Tags: Short communication Source Type: research

Synergistic Microbicidal Effect of Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides and Teicoplanin against Planktonic and Biofilm-Encased Staphylococcus aureus
Antibiotic resistance development and biofilm formation are major worldwide problems. In case current clinical practice will continue unchanged, antibiotic resistance is predicted to be the major cause of death in 2050 with an expected number of 10 million deaths annually (1). Novel antimicrobial agents are actively being developed, among which are cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) (2). Natural CAMPs are a major immunological defense line in micro-organisms, plants and animals (3). Most CAMPs are amphipathic (4), and commonly interact with the negatively charged outer surface of bacteria, causing depolarization, perm...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 10, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Bruce C. Koppen, Patrick P.G. Mulder, Leonie de Boer, Martijn Riool, Jan W. Drijfhout, Sebastian A.J. Zaat Source Type: research

Teicoplanin for treating enterococcal infective endocarditis: a retrospective observational study from a referral center
Enterococci are the third most common cause of infective endocarditis (IE), being responsible for approximately 10% to 15% of all cases [1]. Enterococcal IE (EIE) mainly affects older patients with prosthetic valves, and the infection is often nosocomial acquired [1 –3]. Enterococcus faecalis is the species most commonly isolated, causing almost 90% of EIE cases, followed by Enterococcus faecium, producing almost 5%, and other species [4]. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 10, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Laura Escol à-Vergé, Nuria Fernández-Hidalgo, Dolors Rodríguez-Pardo, Carlos Pigrau, Juan José González-López, Rosa Bartolomé, Benito Almirante Source Type: research

Quantifying the Importance of Active Antimicrobial Therapy among Patients with Gram-negative Bloodstream Infections: Cefepime as a Representative Agent
Timely initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is associated with reduced mortality and improved outcomes in patients with Gram-negative bloodstream infections (GNBSI) [1]. Even with administration of appropriate antimicrobial therapy in a timely manner, mortality due to GNBSI is driven by a multitude of factors such as severity of illness [2-5]. While previous studies have associated timely administration of active antimicrobial therapy with improved outcomes, the relative importance of active therapy has not yet been quantified to our knowledge. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 10, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: C. Miglis, N.J. Rhodes, J. Liu, J. Gener, E. Hang, M. Scheetz Source Type: research

Quasispecies dynamics and clinical significance of HCV antiviral resistance
Genetic variation of RNA viruses is a major problem for the prevention and control of the diseases they produce. Mutants resistant to antiviral inhibitors have been reported for virtually any pathogenic virus for which they have been searched such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1, human influenza virus, hepatitis B virus, etc. More recently, HCV has joined the list of viruses showing antiviral resistance due to the selection of drug-escape mutants in the course of antiviral treatments [1]. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 10, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Celia Perales Source Type: research

Non-prescription sales of antimicrobial agents at community pharmacies in developing countries: a systematic review
The emergence of resistant microbial strains presents considerable challenges for human health [1]. Resistant microbes have the potential to rapidly and easily spread across and between continents [2], hence antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is not limited to one country or one continent [3], but is a global public health problem [4]. The impact of AMR will have greater deleterious effects on the health of inhabitants in poorer and developing nations when compared to developed countries, because infectious diseases represent a major burden in these countries with dense populations, poor sanitation, malnutrition, developing he...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 9, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: M.H.F. Sakeena, Alexandra A Bennett, Andrew J McLachlan Tags: Review Source Type: research

Plasma and interstitial fluid population pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in critically patients with sepsis
Severe sepsis and septic shock account for a significant proportion of admissions to ICU and are a leading cause of mortality in the critically ill [1]. Early treatment with appropriate antimicrobial therapy is an important determinant of survival. However, conventional dosing strategies consistently fail to achieve therapeutic exposures in plasma due to altered drug clearance and volume of distribution in many critically ill patients [2 –4]. Further, the effect of critical illness on antimicrobial concentrations in the interstitial fluid (ISF) of tissues, the focus of most infections, is poorly understood [5,6]. (Source...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 5, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Jacob Abraham, Mahipal Sinollareddy, Michael S. Roberts, Patricia Williams, Sandra L. Peake, Jeffrey Lipman, Jason A. Roberts Source Type: research

Genetic Diversity of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Tunisia
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive bacterium that colonizes the nasopharynx of humans. Usually, episodes of colonization are essentially asymptomatic and do not lead to illness. But, this balance between host and bacteria can be altered when innate and/or adaptive immune mechanisms are weakened, a situation that is more common in extreme ages and immunocompromised people. S.pneumoniae can cause various types of infections, the most serious of which being meningitis and septicemia [1,2]. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 5, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: B. Midouni, E. Mehiri, A. Ghariani, H. Draoui, L. Essalah, I. Bouzouita, D. Raoult, L. Slim-Saidi, P.E. Fournier Source Type: research

Insert sequences of CRISPR/Cas system regulate horizontal antibiotic gene transfer in Shigella
Shigella is the leading cause of bacterial dysentery which is a serious threat to health. Shigellosis remains a public health concern because it is responsible for an estimated 200 million  illnesses and 600 thousand deaths per year in the world and 500 thousand illnesses, 200-500 deaths in China [1–3]. Owing to the wide use of antibiotics, the emergence of resistant strains of Shigella is a great challenge [4]. The mechanisms of antibiotics resistance are associated with point m utation, cellular impermeability, active efflux system such as arcAB-tolC, mutation(s) at the target sites, and the horizontal transf...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 3, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Shuaiyin Chen, Huiying Liu, Wenjuan Liang, Lijuan Hong, Bing Zhang, Lu Huang, Xiangjiao Guo, Guangcai Duan Source Type: research

Title Page & Editorial Board
(Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 1, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research