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Contributions of RecA and RecBCD DNA repair pathways to the oxidative stress response and sensitivity of Acinetobacter baumannii to antibiotics
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide anion radical ( •O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) are ubiquitous oxygen derivatives that have emerged as important players in antibiotic-mediated bacterial lethality [1–4]. They are inevitable toxic by-products of aerobic respiratory processes of living organisms [5], which are rest rained by bacterial ROS defense mechanisms such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidases and the glutathione system. These noxious species damage Fe-S clusters, releasing Fe2+ to catalyse the conversion of H2O2 to •OH via Fenton reaction [6,7]. (Source: ...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 3, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: T.O. Ajiboye, E. Skiebe, G. Wilharm Source Type: research

Assessing antibiotic resistance gene load in vegan, vegetarian and omnivore human gut microbiota
Bacteria are transmitted between humans, animals and vegetables in a bidirectional way: from animals and vegetables to humans directly through food, from animals and humans to vegetables through manure and faeces dispersed in water and soil, and indirectly to human from vegetables through animals that feed on them [1]. The connection between human and environmental microflora through food increases the possibility of genetic exchange between their associated microbiomes (the collective genome of these microbial communities), thereby allowing for the transfer and selection of potentially novel genes to human gut, including ...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 3, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Losasso Carmen, Di Cesare Andrea, Mastrorilli Eleonora, Patuzzi Ilaria, Cibin Veronica, Eckert Ester M, Fontaneto Diego, Vanzo Angiola, Ricci Antonia, Corno Gianluca Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research

Profile of drug-resistant mutations in nucleos(t)ide analogue-experienced chronic hepatitis B patients in Tianjin, China
We read with great interest the recent study by Guo et  al [1] in this journal that aimed at evaluating the dynamic changes of the mutation patterns of hepatitis B virus resistance to nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) in North China. However, profile of HBV resistance mutations against NAs treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection in Tianjin, the biggest coastal city in northern China with a population of more than 14 million, is still largely unknown. Therefore, we want to contribute by reporting the drug-resistant mutations in NAs-experienced chronic hepatitis B patients in Tianjin, China. (Source: Internationa...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 3, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Wei Hou, Congdoanh Trieu, Yanan Du, Cindy Wang, Wing-Kin Syn Tags: Letter to the Editor Source Type: research

Detection and characterization of methicillin resistant and susceptible coagulase-negative Staphylococci in milk from cows with clinical mastitis in Tunisia.
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) play a role as opportunistic nosocomial pathogens in human medicine. They are often involved in foreign body infections and catheter-related infections, but also in urinary tract infections and endocarditis, among others [1]. Nowadays, CNS are of great interest in veterinary medicine because they are currently considered emerging pathogens of bovine mastitis. In dairy farms, mastitis remains an important disease with high economic effect. Among the etiologic agents of mastitis bovine, staphylococci is the main type of microorganisms, with some coagulase-positive species (S. (Source: I...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 3, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Amira Klibi, Abderrazek Maaroufi, Carmen Torres, Ahlem Jouini Tags: Themed Issue: Recent Advances in Antimicrobial and Bacterial Resistance Source Type: research

Loss of activity of ceftazidime-avibactam due to Mex-AB-OprM efflux and overproduction of AmpC cephalosporinase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients suffering from cystic fibrosis
Avibactam is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of β-lactamases approved in combination with ceftazidime for the treatment of Gram-negative infections with limited therapeutic options [1,2]. Since it shows in vitro activity against most class A and class C enzymes [3], including the chromosomally-encoded AmpC cephalosporinase of Pseudomonas aerugin osa [4], we previously assessed its activity against a large collection (n=334) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF). (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 3, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Hussein Chalhoub, Yolanda S áenz, Wright W. Nichols, Paul M. Tulkens, Françoise Van Bambeke Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research

Title Page & Editorial Board
(Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 1, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Antibacterial Activity of Reduced Iron Clay Against Pathogenic Bacteria Associated With Wound Infections
Humans have employed clay for medicinal purposes since prehistoric times and this practice is now being considered for adoption into the biomedical compendium. A recent report described the application of a French green clay to Buruli ulcers, resulting in apparent eradication of Mycobacterium ulcerans and wound re-epithelialization [1,2]. This example and others like it have generated interest in the pharmacologic potential of certain clays for treatment of infected wounds. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 1, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Katherine M. Caflisch, Suzannah M. Schmidt-Malan, Jayawant N. Mandrekar, Melissa J. Karau, Jonathan P. Nicklas, Lynda B. Williams, Robin Patel Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research

Identification of fukinolic acid from Cimicifuga heracleifolia and its derivatives as novel antiviral compounds against enterovirus A71 infection
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) belongs to the genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae, small viruses characterized by a naked icosahedral capsid and a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA. EV-A71 is the causative agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), but other clinical manifestations associated with EV-A71 infection range from skin rashes and herpangina to brain stem encephalitis [1]. Recurrent EV-A71 epidemics of various scales have occurred in the Asia-Pacific region [2,3]. Because of its marked neurotropism, following the near complete eradication of poliovirus, EV-A71 may become the greatest threat amongst entero...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - July 28, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Yipeng Ma, Wenjuan Cong, Hao Huang, Liang Sun, Anh Hung Mai, Kurt Boonen, Wahedi Maryam, Wim De Borggraeve, Guoan Luo, Qingfei Liu, Liliane Schoofs, Frank Van Kuppeveld, Johan Neyts, Carmen Mirabelli, Walter Luyten Source Type: research

Antiplasmodial, Anti-chikungunya virus and Antioxidant Activities of 64 endemic Plants from the Mascarene Islands
Vector-borne diseases are human pathologies caused by parasites, virus or bacteria. According to WHO, they are responsible for more than 1 million deaths annually [1]. Mosquitoes are the most studied insects and also the deadliest due to their ability to carry and propagate pathogens to humans. Malaria is one of the most serious vector-borne diseases, accountable for 429.000 deaths worldwide in 2016 [2]. The resistance of parasites to medicines has become a widespread problem. Malaria is the consequence of a protozoan parasite, Plasmodium sp., transmitted by the bite of anopheles mosquitoes. (Source: International Journal ...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - July 28, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Allison Ledoux, Martine Cao, Olivia Jansen, Mamede Lucia, Pierre-Eric Campos, Bertrand Payet, Patricia Clerc, Isabelle Grondin, Emmanuelle Girard-Valenciennes, Thomas Hermann, Marc Litaudon, Charlotte Vanderheydt, Leen Delang, Johan Neyts, Pieter Leyssen, Source Type: research

Legal framework of antimicrobial stewardship in hospitals (LEASH): a European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) cross-sectional international survey
Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is defined as a coherent set of actions designed to use antimicrobials responsibly [1,2]. AMS interventions include multiple activities that involve a broad range of stakeholders ranging from individual prescribers to healthcare systems and supranational incentives and regulators. AMS has been historically driven by professionals who were aware of the problem and were willing to use their expertise to improve antimicrobial prescribing. However, to be effective, the wider healthcare community, the regulators, and the general public must recognize the need for and value of AMS [3]. (Source: In...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - July 28, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Bojana Beovi ć, Céline Pulcini, Catherine Dumartin, Guillaume Béraud, Barbara Nerat, Cristina Maurel, May Doušak, Milan Čižman, the LEASH Study Group on behalf of ESCMID Study Group for Antimicrobial StewardshiP (ESGAP) Source Type: research

Mutations in GluCl associated with field ivermectin-resistant head lice from Senegal
The head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, are obligate blood-sucking parasites that live exclusively in the scalp region of humans [1,2]. They represent one of the most prevalent parasitic infestations with major economic and social concerns throughout the world [3]. Body lice are the main vectors of at least three human pathogens: Rickettsia prowazekii, the agent of epidemic typhus; Bartonella quintana, the agent of trench fever; and Borrelia recurrentis, the agent of relapsing fever. Currently, head lice are not considered to be vectors for human pathogens. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - July 25, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Nadia Amanzougaghene, Florence Fenollar, George Diatta, Cheikh Sokhna, Didier Raoult, Oleg Mediannikov Source Type: research

Mutations in GluCl associated with ivermectin Field-Resistant Head lice from Senegal
The head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, are obligate blood-sucking parasites that live exclusively in the scalp region of humans [1,2]. They represent one of the most prevalent parasitic infestation with major economic and social concerns throughout the world [3]. Body lice are the main vectors of at least three human pathogens: Rickettsia prowazekii, the agent of epidemic typhus, Bartonella quintana the agent of trench fever, and Borrelia recurrentis that of relapsing fever. Currently, head lice are not considered to be vectors for human pathogens. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - July 25, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Nadia Amanzougaghene, Florence Fenollar, George Diatta, Cheikh Sokhna, Didier Raoult, Oleg Mediannikov Source Type: research

in vitro Activity of Oritavancin in Combination with Rifampin or Gentamicin Against Prosthetic Joint Infection-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms
Staphylococci are the most frequent bacteria associated with prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) [1]. Among them, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis represent the two most common species [1,2]. PJIs pose a significant economic burden to both affected patients and the healthcare system [3]. Staphylococci can attach to surfaces and form dense, multilayered biofilms, surrounded by an extracellular polymeric matrix, which aids in conferring biofilm structure, while also providing protection from environmental stresses [4]. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - July 23, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Qun Yan, Melissa J. Karau, Yash S. Raval, Robin Patel Source Type: research

Assessing the In Vitro Activity of Ceftazidime/Avibactam and Aztreonam Among Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae: Defining the Zone of Hope
In light of our recent report of clinical success with combination ceftazidime/avibactam plus aztreonam (CZA+ATM) therapy against a serine- and metallo- β-lactamase (MBL)-producing pathogen [1], we read with interest the letters by Davido et al. [2] and Shaw et al. [3] describing two additional clinical successes at a hospital in France and 6 similar successes recorded in Spain, respectively. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are amo ng the most threatening pathogens with the ability to simultaneously produce MBLs and serine-β-lactamases and a plethora of other resistance genes. (Source: International Jour...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - July 22, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Lindsay M. Avery, David P. Nicolau Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research

Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Associated With Exposure To Abacavir Among Individuals With HIV: A Systematic Review And Meta-analyses Of Results From Seventeen Epidemiologic Studies
: Our findings suggest an increased risk of CVD from recent abacavir exposure. The risk remained elevated after adjusting for potential confounders. Further investigations are needed to understand CVD risk from cumulative exposure. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - July 21, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Kunchok Dorjee, Tsering Choden, Sanjiv M. Baxi, Craig Steinmaus, Arthur L. Reingold Tags: Review Source Type: research