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Brain activation is related to smoothness of upper limb movements after stroke.
This study suggests that recruitment of secondary motor areas at 6 weeks after stroke is highly associated with increased jerk during reaching and grasping. As jerk represents the change in acceleration, the recruitment of additional sensorimotor areas seems to reflect a type of control in which deviations from an optimal movement pattern are continuously corrected. This relationship suggests that additional recruitment of sensorimotor areas after stroke may not correspond to restitution of motor function, but more likely to adaptive motor learning strategies to compensate for motor impairments. PMID: 26979435 [PubMe...
Source: Experimental Brain Research - March 15, 2016 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Buma FE, van Kordelaar J, Raemaekers M, van Wegen EE, Ramsey NF, Kwakkel G Tags: Exp Brain Res Source Type: research

Moderate-intensity cardiovascular exercise performed before motor practice attenuates offline implicit motor learning in stroke survivors but not age-matched neurotypical adults
Exp Brain Res. 2023 Jul 3. doi: 10.1007/s00221-023-06659-w. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTThe acute impact of cardiovascular exercise on implicit motor learning of stroke survivors is still unknown. We investigated the effects of cardiovascular exercise on implicit motor learning of mild-moderately impaired chronic stroke survivors and neurotypical adults. We addressed whether exercise priming effects are time-dependent (e.g., exercise before or after practice) in the encoding (acquisition) and recall (retention) phases. Forty-five stroke survivors and 45 age-matched neurotypical adults were randomized into three sub-group...
Source: Experimental Brain Research - July 3, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Giordano Marcio Gatinho Bonuzzi Flavio Henrique Bastos Nicolas Schweighofer Eric Wade Carolee Joyce Winstein Camila Torriani-Pasin Source Type: research

The presence of a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the BDNF gene affects the rate of locomotor adaptation after stroke.
Abstract Induction of neural plasticity through motor learning has been demonstrated in animals and humans. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors, is thought to play an integral role in modulation of central nervous system plasticity during learning and motor skill recovery. Thirty percent of humans possess a single-nucleotide polymorphism on the BDNF gene (Val66Met), which has been linked to decreased activity-dependent release of BDNF. Presence of the polymorphism has been associated with altered cortical activation, short-term plasticity and altered skil...
Source: Experimental Brain Research - October 20, 2015 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Helm EE, Tyrell CM, Pohlig RT, Brady LD, Reisman DS Tags: Exp Brain Res Source Type: research

Explicit motor sequence learning after stroke: a neuropsychological study
Exp Brain Res. 2021 Jun 5. doi: 10.1007/s00221-021-06141-5. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTMotor learning interacts with and shapes experience-dependent cerebral plasticity. In stroke patients with paresis of the upper limb, motor recovery was proposed to reflect a process of re-learning the lost/impaired skill, which interacts with rehabilitation. However, to what extent stroke patients with hemiparesis may retain the ability of learning with their affected limb remains an unsolved issue, that was addressed by this study. Nineteen patients, with a cerebrovascular lesion affecting the right or the left hemisphere, underwent...
Source: Experimental Brain Research - June 6, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Cristina Russo Laura Veronelli Carlotta Casati Alessia Monti Laura Perucca Francesco Ferraro Massimo Corbo Giuseppe Vallar Nadia Bolognini Source Type: research

Forced use of paretic leg induced by constraining the non-paretic leg leads to motor learning in individuals post-stroke.
Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether applying repetitive constraint forces to the non-paretic leg during walking would induce motor learning of enhanced use of the paretic leg in individuals post-stroke. Sixteen individuals post chronic (> 6 months) stroke were recruited in this study. Each subject was tested in two conditions, i.e., applying a constraint force to the non-paretic leg during treadmill walking and treadmill walking only. For the constraint condition, subjects walked on a treadmill with no force for 1 min (baseline), with force for 7 min (adaptation), and then without f...
Source: Experimental Brain Research - August 11, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Wu M, Hsu CJ, Kim J Tags: Exp Brain Res Source Type: research

Enhanced error facilitates motor learning in weight shift and increases use of the paretic leg during walking at chronic stage after stroke
In conclusion, applying pelvis resistance forces to increase error signals may facilitate motor learning of weight shift toward the paretic side and enhance use of the paretic leg in chronic stroke survivors. Results from this study may be utilized to develop an intervention approach to improve walking in stroke survivors.PMID:34477919 | DOI:10.1007/s00221-021-06202-9
Source: Experimental Brain Research - September 3, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Seoung Hoon Park Chao-Jung Hsu Weena Dee Elliot J Roth William Z Rymer Ming Wu Source Type: research

Gradual adaptation to pelvis perturbation during walking reinforces motor learning of weight shift toward the paretic side in individuals post-stroke
In conclusion, the "gradual adaptation" inducing "small errors" during constraint-induced walking may improve weight shift and enhance forced use of the paretic leg in individuals post-stroke. Applying gradual pelvis assistance force during walking may be used as an intervention strategy to improve walking in individuals post-stroke.PMID:33779790 | DOI:10.1007/s00221-021-06092-x
Source: Experimental Brain Research - March 29, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Seoung Hoon Park Chao-Jung Hsu Weena Dee Elliot J Roth William Z Rymer Ming Wu Source Type: research

Motor imagery-based skill acquisition disrupted following rTMS of the inferior parietal lobule.
Abstract Motor imagery (MI), the mental rehearsal of motor tasks, has promise as a therapy in post-stroke rehabilitation. The potential effectiveness of MI is attributed to the facilitation of plasticity in numerous brain regions akin to those recruited for physical practice. It is suggested, however, that MI relies more heavily on regions commonly affected post-stroke, including left hemisphere parietal regions involved in visuospatial processes. However, the impact of parietal damage on MI-based skill acquisition that underlies rehabilitation remains unclear. Here, we examine the contribution of the left inferio...
Source: Experimental Brain Research - October 20, 2015 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Kraeutner SN, Keeler LT, Boe SG Tags: Exp Brain Res Source Type: research

The effect of haptic guidance and visual feedback on learning a complex tennis task.
Abstract While haptic guidance can improve ongoing performance of a motor task, several studies have found that it ultimately impairs motor learning. However, some recent studies suggest that the haptic demonstration of optimal timing, rather than movement magnitude, enhances learning in subjects trained with haptic guidance. Timing of an action plays a crucial role in the proper accomplishment of many motor skills, such as hitting a moving object (discrete timing task) or learning a velocity profile (time-critical tracking task). The aim of the present study is to evaluate which feedback conditions-visual or hapt...
Source: Experimental Brain Research - September 8, 2013 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Marchal-Crespo L, van Raai M, Rauter G, Wolf P, Riener R Tags: Exp Brain Res Source Type: research

Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying motor skill learning in young and older adults.
Abstract The ability to acquire and retain novel motor skills is preserved with advancing age. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying skill acquisition in older adults have received little systematic investigation. The aim of the present study was to assess the modulation of primary motor cortex excitability and inhibition after skill acquisition in young and older adults. Sixteen young and sixteen older adults trained on a sequential visual isometric wrist extension task. Anodal or sham transcranial direct current stimulation was applied during training in a pseudorandomized crossover design. Skill...
Source: Experimental Brain Research - July 8, 2019 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Mooney RA, Cirillo J, Byblow WD Tags: Exp Brain Res Source Type: research

Physical activity, motor performance and skill learning: a focus on primary motor cortex in healthy aging
This article will initially provide a brief overview of the neurophysiology of M1 in the context of learning motor skills, with a focus on healthy aging in humans. This information will then be proceeded by a more detailed assessment that focuses on whether physical activity benefits motor function and human M1 processes.PMID:34499187 | DOI:10.1007/s00221-021-06218-1
Source: Experimental Brain Research - September 9, 2021 Category: Neuroscience Authors: John Cirillo Source Type: research