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Effects of Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Patients with Stroke: a Systematic Review
ConclusionsctDCS appears to improve poststroke language and motor dysfunction (particularly gait). However, the evidence for these results was insufficient, and the quality of the relevant studies was low. ctDCS stimulation parameters and individual factors of participants may affect the therapeutic effect of ctDCS. Researchers need to take a more regulated approach in the future to conduct studies with large sample sizes. Overall, ctDCS remains a promising stroke intervention technique that could be used in the future.
Source: The Cerebellum - August 27, 2022 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Motor Performance But Neither Motor Learning Nor Motor Consolidation Are Impaired in Chronic Cerebellar Stroke Patients
AbstractThe capacity to acquire and retain new motor skills is essential for everyday behavior and a prerequisite to regain functional independence following impairments of motor function caused by brain damage, e.g., ischemic stroke. Learning a new motor skill requires repeated skill practice and passes through different online and offline learning stages that are mediated by specific dynamic interactions between distributed brain regions including the cerebellum. Motor sequence learning is an extensively studied paradigm of motor skill learning, yet the role of the cerebellum during online and offline stages remains cont...
Source: The Cerebellum - January 29, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Intermittent Cerebellar Theta Burst Stimulation Improves Visuo-motor Learning in Stroke Patients: a Pilot Study
In this study, we investigated the effects of cerebellar intermittent theta burst stimulation (c-iTBS), a high-frequency rTMS protocol, on visuo-motor learning in a sample of hemiparetic patients due to recent stroke in the territory of the contralateral middle cerebral artery. Eight stroke patients were enrolled for the purposes of the study in the chronic stage of recovery (i.e., at least 6  months after stroke). In two sessions, Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with real or sham c-iTBS applied over the cerebellar hemisphere ipsilateral to the affected body side. c-iTBS was applied immediately before the le...
Source: The Cerebellum - May 27, 2020 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Multi-focal Stimulation of the Cortico-cerebellar Loop During the Acquisition of a Novel Hand Motor Skill in Chronic Stroke Survivors
AbstractImpairment of hand motor function is a frequent consequence after a stroke and strongly determines the ability to regain a self-determined life. An influential research strategy for improving motor deficits is the combined application of behavioral training and non-invasive brain stimulation of the motor cortex (M1). However, a convincing clinical translation of the present stimulation strategies has not been achieved yet. One alternative and innovative approach is to target the functionally relevant brain network-based architecture, e.g., the dynamic interactions within the cortico-cerebellar system during learnin...
Source: The Cerebellum - February 18, 2023 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Understanding and Modulating Motor Learning with Cerebellar Stimulation
Abstract Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques are a powerful approach to investigate the physiology and function of the central nervous system. Recent years have seen numerous investigations delivering transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the cerebellum to determine its role in motor, cognitive and emotional behaviours. Early studies have shown that it is possible to assess cerebellar-motor cortex (CB-M1) connectivity using a paired-pulse TMS paradigm called cerebellar inhibition (CBI), and indirectly infer the state of cerebellar excitability. Thus,...
Source: The Cerebellum - October 5, 2014 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Cerebellum Tunes the Excitability of the Motor System: Evidence from Peripheral Motor Axons
Abstract Cerebellum is highly connected with the contralateral cerebral cortex. So far, the motor deficits observed in acute focal cerebellar lesions in human have been mainly explained on the basis of a disruption of the cerebello-thalamo-cortical projections. Cerebellar circuits have also numerous anatomical and functional interactions with brainstem nuclei and projects also directly to the spinal cord. Cerebellar lesions alter the excitability of peripheral motor axons as demonstrated by peripheral motor threshold-tracking techniques in cerebellar stroke. The biophysical changes are correlated with the functio...
Source: The Cerebellum - November 17, 2014 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Linking Essential Tremor to the Cerebellum: Clinical Evidence
Abstract Essential tremor (ET) might be a family of diseases unified by the presence of kinetic tremor, but also showing etiological, pathological, and clinical heterogeneity. In this review, we will describe the most significant clinical evidence, which suggests that ET is linked to the cerebellum. Data for this review were identified by searching PUBMED (January 1966 to May 2015) crossing the terms “essential tremor” (ET) and “cerebellum,” which yielded 201 entries, 11 of which included the term “cerebellum” in the article title. This was supplemented by articles in the author’s files that pertaine...
Source: The Cerebellum - October 31, 2015 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

The Posterior Fossa and Foreign Accent Syndrome: Report of Two New Cases and Review of the Literature
AbstractForeign accent syndrome is a rare motor speech disorder that causes patients to speak their language with a non-native accent. In the neurogenic condition, the disorder develops after lesions in the language dominant hemisphere, often affecting Broca ’s area, the insula, the supplementary motor area and the primary motor cortex. Here, we present two new cases of FAS after posterior fossa lesions. The first case is a 44-year-old, right-handed, Dutch-speaking man who suffered motor speech disturbances and a left hemiplegia after a pontine infarc tion. Quantified SPECT showed a bilateral hypoperfusion in the inferio...
Source: The Cerebellum - July 5, 2017 Category: Neurology Source Type: research

Consensus Paper: Novel Directions and Next Steps of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation of the Cerebellum in Health and Disease
AbstractThe cerebellum is involved in multiple closed-loops circuitry which connect the cerebellar modules with the motor cortex, prefrontal, temporal, and parietal cortical areas, and contribute to motor control, cognitive processes, emotional processing, and behavior. Among them, the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway represents the anatomical substratum of cerebellum-motor cortex inhibition (CBI). However, the cerebellum is also connected with basal ganglia by disynaptic pathways, and cerebellar involvement in disorders commonly associated with basal ganglia dysfunction (e.g., Parkinson ’s disease and dystonia) has be...
Source: The Cerebellum - November 23, 2021 Category: Neurology Source Type: research