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NOD2 and TLR2 Signal via TBK1 and PI31 to Direct Cross-Presentation and CD8 T Cell Responses
The objective of this study was to explore the role of NOD2 and TLR2 in cross-presentation in human dendritic cells undertaking an unbiased screen. We have used a quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) followed by a computational analysis to identify the proteins as differentially abundant in response to NOD2 and TLR2 sensing. Validation of the phosphoproteomic analysis was performed by the detection of proteins in phosphoenriched lysates and detected by western blot. Techniques for the modulation of gene expression (shRNA and siRNA) were used to confirm the resu...
Source: Frontiers in Immunology - April 29, 2019 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: research

Why Do Birds Flock? A Role for Opioids in the Reinforcement of Gregarious Social Interactions
Conclusion We propose that studies of songbirds reveal a novel network model for the integration of positive and negative reinforcement processes in non-sexual affiliative social behavior. Most studies on affiliative behavior focus on the positive affective state induced by social contact that rewards individuals interacting together. However, this review highlights that in social animals, affiliative contact is also reinforced because it reduces a negative affective state caused by social exclusion or isolation, thus creating a complementary system (i.e., positive reinforcement from affiliative interactions and negative ...
Source: Frontiers in Physiology - April 11, 2019 Category: Physiology Source Type: research