How Common Is Recurrent Radial Head Subluxation?
Discussion Radial head subluxation (RHS) is most commonly occurs in children 6 months – 4 years old. It occurs because of the anatomy and child development. The radius is connected to the ulna just distal to the radial head by an annular ligament that encircles the radius “neck” (i.e. radial diaphysis) and inserts into the ulnar tuberosity. However the annular ligament is relatively small and also not as fibrous in young children compared to older children and adults. Young children often have their arm extended upward to hold hands with an adult especially when they are new walkers. If the child stumbles...
Source: PediatricEducation.org - March 18, 2024 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Pediatric Education Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news

PediatricEducation.org Published its 900th case!
It has been an amazing journey that started with just one weekly case and now we have come to this newest milestone. Since 2004, we have offered a breadth of cases that continues to be unstructured pediatric curriculum and educational resource. Remember that the To Learn More Section of each case is continuously updated even if the case is a little older. The Curriculum Maps and Random Pediatric Cases continue to be patron favorites for quick or more in-depth learning. We even offer translation now through GoogleTranslate – just look at the bottom left-corner and choose your preferred language. We cannot have done it wi...
Source: PediatricEducation.org - March 11, 2024 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Pediatric Education Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news

What is Twice-Exceptionality?
Discussion “Gifted individuals are those who demonstrate outstanding levels of aptitude (defined as an exceptional ability to reason and learn) or competence (documented performance or achievement in top 10% or rarer) in one or more domains.” Domains for giftedness include: Intellectual Creative Artistic Leadership Specific field – language arts, mathematics, science, etc. Giftedness is usually not screened for in young children, but may be screened for in early elementary school for potential differentiated educational programs. A review of giftedness and how it can present can be found here Individual...
Source: PediatricEducation.org - March 11, 2024 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Pediatric Education Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news

What Are the Health Problems for Off-Spring of Mothers with Pre-eclampsia?
Discussion “Pre-eclampsia is a complex multisystem disease, diagnosed by sudden-onset hypertension (> 20 weeks of gestation) and at least one other associated complication, including proteinuria, maternal organ dysfunction or uteroplacental dysfunction…[It] is one of the most severe complications of pregnancy and a leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.” Deaths per year world wide are estimated to be 500,000 babies and > 70,000 women. Women that survive have decreased life-expectancy and it is estimated that > 300 million women and children are at “…increase...
Source: PediatricEducation.org - March 4, 2024 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Pediatric Education Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news

Winter Break
PediatricEducation.org is taking an early fall break The next case will be published on March 4th. In the meantime, please take a look at the different Archives and Curriculum Maps listed at the top of the page. We appreciate your patronage, Donna D’Alessandro and Michael D’Alessandro, curators. (Source: PediatricEducation.org)
Source: PediatricEducation.org - February 27, 2024 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Pediatric Education Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news

What are Some Causes of Acute Onset of Loss of Speech Abilities?
Discussion Acute mental status changes are worrisome in the least and scary at their worst. Seizures, cerebrovascular problems and central nervous system tumor swirl in professionals’ heads as they take in the history, physical examination and start to evaluate and manage the problem. Usually respiratory distress is recognized by family members and treatment is also sought. Another cause of loss of speech is selective (or elective) mutism (SM). The child does not speak at all or minimally. When speaking it is usually within a close group of individuals or in certain circumstances such as only speaking to a parent o...
Source: PediatricEducation.org - February 19, 2024 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Pediatric Education Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news

How Can I Remember the Progression of Gesell Figures?
Discussion Observing children in the office setting can provide a wealth of information about the skills, development, health and family. While the office setting may have some limitations, much can be gleaned. For example, the picture above or drawings and writing on a whiteboard in the room can offer lots of possibilities for interacting with the child and also for commenting to the parents about the child’s developmental abilities. Arnold Gesell, MD, PhD. was a developmental pediatrician who studied and codified how children develop and mature over time. As part of his work, he noticed when certain figures are a...
Source: PediatricEducation.org - February 12, 2024 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Pediatric Education Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news

What is the Differential Diagnosis of a Suprarenal Mass?
Discussion Suprarenal masses (SRM) are not that common (incidence of 1.9/1000 in neonates), but are more commonly diagnosed prenatally because of prenatal ultrasound. Masses can be difficult to accurately diagnose even after birth because their features overlap. Radiographically they can be variable in size, cystic/solid or mixed and with or without calcifications. Common signs and symptoms of SRM include anemia, jaundice, scrotal hematoma and abdominal mass. Signs of asphyxia may also occur. Often patients whose diagnosis is not clear are monitored closely for a few weeks to see how the lesion changes with time. This is e...
Source: PediatricEducation.org - February 5, 2024 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Pediatric Education Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news

What is the Differential Diagnosis of Normal Eye Crusts or Rheum?
Discussion Sleep crusts go by lots of names including “sleepies,” “sleepers,” “eye goop,” “eye sand,” and many other names. Rheum is the medical term. Sleep crusts are common. The sandman from folklore, is said to sprinkle magical sand into people’s eyes to encourage sleep and wonderful dreams. Crusts are composed of mucous, oil, skin cells, and dust/debris that is all a normal part of normal tear production and protection of the eye. While awake, blinking helps to clear this from the eye and move it to the nasolacrimal duct. This does not occur during sleep and there...
Source: PediatricEducation.org - January 29, 2024 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Pediatric Education Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news

7 is a Magic Number?
Discussion 7 year olds (7YOs) should have gained refinement in earlier tasks and skills and are starting to develop higher level skills. As the range of skill mastery is broad during this early school age time, parents and adults often become concerned around 7YO if their child does not seem to have gained certain skills and “matured” like the other kids. 7YOs can: Gross motor Rides a 2-wheel bike well Can perform most activities of daily living almost independently but may need occasional help with difficult clothing, etc. Most, but not all, are toilet trained at night Fine motor Able to write including ...
Source: PediatricEducation.org - January 22, 2024 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Pediatric Education Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news

5 is a Magic Number?
Discussion 5 year olds (5YOs) are growing their independence. 5YOs often are going off to school, and while they may have experience with childcare or preschool settings, it is a time when many people believe they are “launched” into the world with some independence (and of course adult oversight). 5YOs can: Gross motor Skips, hops, jumps with agility Has good balance and improving coordination Sings, dances and acts Can do simple chores Can perform most activities of daily living but may still need help intermittently (e.g. toileting, eating) or some supervision (e.g. teeth brushing) Fine motor Copy a t...
Source: PediatricEducation.org - January 15, 2024 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Pediatric Education Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news

3 is a Magic Number?
Discussion Three year olds (3YO) are hard at work figuring out the world and how they fit into it. They talk and play with a finesse that they have not been able to accomplish before. Adults who “don’t like the baby stage” often really enjoy having 3YOs around as they can relate to them better because they now talk and act more like adults. What 3YOs do and say may be necessarily more juvenile, but adults can really see the beginnings of older or adult child in the 3YO. 3YOs can: Gross motor Run and climb (objects and stairs) with balance and some agility Kick a ball and throws overhand Ride a bike Dre...
Source: PediatricEducation.org - January 8, 2024 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Pediatric Education Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news

Happy Holidays!
PediatricEducation.org is taking a holiday break and will return on January 8, 2024. We appreciate your continued patronage and wish everyone a happy and safe holiday season and all the best in the New Year. In the meantime, please take a look at the different Archives and Curriculum Maps listed at the top of the page. Happy Holidays, Donna D’Alessandro and Michael D’Alessandro, curators. (Source: PediatricEducation.org)
Source: PediatricEducation.org - December 25, 2023 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Pediatric Education Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news

When Should We Consider A Rickettsial Disease?
Discussion Rickettsioses are “small, obligate intracellular, gram-negative, aerobic coccobacillary α-proeobacteria” from the genuses Rickettsia, Anaplasma, Coxiella, Ehrlichia, and Orientia genuses. Often they cause limited health problems but can cause severe disease and death. They present with a fever and other non-specific signs and symptoms, usually with a rash and lymphadenopathy. Other problems can include: Cardiac – endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis Gastrointestinal – abdominal pain, acute abdomen, cholecystitis, hepatitis, pancreatitis Heme/Lymph – hemophagocytosis, lymph...
Source: PediatricEducation.org - December 18, 2023 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Pediatric Education Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news

How Common is Accidental Suffocation in Young Infants in the US?
Discussion Parent-infant bed sharing is common with 46% in a US population. The rates depend on the definition used, the time period being instituted and also the consistency of the practice. One study noted that “even for those who do not consistently bed-share, some co-sleeping is common, with 60% of mothers of infants under 12 months of age reporting sharing a bed at least once.” Globally different countries report rates from 6-100%. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is defined as “[t]he sudden unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant aged <1 y, in which investigation, autopsy, medical hi...
Source: PediatricEducation.org - December 11, 2023 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Pediatric Education Tags: Uncategorized Source Type: news