Dynamics and Sensitivity of Signaling Pathways
AbstractPurpose of ReviewSignaling pathways serve to communicate information about extracellular conditions into the cell, to both the nucleus and cytoplasmic processes to control cell responses. Genetic mutations in signaling network components are frequently associated with cancer and can result in cells acquiring an ability to divide and grow uncontrollably. Because signaling pathways play such a significant role in cancer initiation and advancement, their constituent proteins are attractive therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss how signaling pathway modeling can assist with identifying effective drugs for tre...
Source: Current Pathobiology Reports - June 27, 2022 Category: Laboratory Medicine Source Type: research
Platelet-Neutrophil Interactions and Thrombo-inflammatory Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
AbstractPurpose of the ReviewThis review recapitulates the complex pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with a prothrombotic and proinflammatory phenotype. It focuses on the roles played by platelets and neutrophils in these pathologies and then focuses on recent advances in therapeutic interventions.Recent FindingsPlatelets, fundamental to the process of hemostasis (and thrombosis), have been increasingly implicated with inflammatory responses. Similarly, neutrophils, the first line of defense against pathogen invasions, forming a crucial role in body ’s inflammatory immune responses, have been progres...
Source: Current Pathobiology Reports - May 23, 2022 Category: Laboratory Medicine Source Type: research
Chemokine-Based Therapeutics for the Treatment of Inflammatory and Fibrotic Convergent Pathways in COVID-19
AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 betacoronavirus and has taken over 761,426 American lives as of the date of publication and will likely result in long-term, if not permanent, tissue damage for countless patients. COVID-19 presents with diverse and multisystemic pathologic processes, including a hyperinflammatory response, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), vascular injury, microangiopathy, tissue fibrosis, angiogenesis, and widespread thrombosis across multiple organs, including the lungs, heart, kidney, liver, and brain. C-X-C chemokines contribute to ...
Source: Current Pathobiology Reports - December 8, 2021 Category: Laboratory Medicine Source Type: research
The Pathobiological Basis for Thrombotic Complications in COVID-19: a Review of the Literature
AbstractPurpose of ReviewCOVID-19 has rapidly evolved into a global pandemic infecting over two hundred and forty-four million individuals to date. In addition to the respiratory sequelae and systemic infection that ensues, an alarming number of micro and macrovascular thrombotic complications have been observed. This review examines the current understanding of COVID-19-associated thrombotic complications, potential mechanisms, and pathobiological basis for thromboses development.Recent FindingsThe endothelium plays a major role in the process due to direct and indirect injury. The immune system also contributes to a pro-...
Source: Current Pathobiology Reports - December 8, 2021 Category: Laboratory Medicine Source Type: research
Toxicology of Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
AbstractNanoparticles have revolutionized biomedicine especially in the field of drug delivery due to their intriguing properties such as systemic stability, level of solubility, and target site specificity. It can, however, be both beneficial and damaging depending on the properties in different environments, thus highlighting the importance of nanotoxicology studies before use in humans. Different types of nanoparticles have been used in drug delivery, and this review summarizes the recent toxicity studies of these nanoparticles. The toxicological evaluation of three widely used nanoparticles in drug delivery that are me...
Source: Current Pathobiology Reports - November 24, 2021 Category: Laboratory Medicine Source Type: research
Role of Nanoscale Delivery Systems in Tissue Engineering
AbstractNanotechnology offers enormous opportunities in regulation of the physical, mechanical, electrical, and biological properties of tissue engineering scaffolds. Nanoscale structures have been used as delivery agents that can be incorporated in the scaffolds to deliver the required signaling molecules for tissue regeneration.Purpose of ReviewPurpose of the present review is to discuss the requirements for a tissue engineering construct and how the nanoscale delivery systems facilitate achieving it. Review also depicts the various types of nanostructures explored for the delivery of growth factors, cell differentiation...
Source: Current Pathobiology Reports - August 20, 2021 Category: Laboratory Medicine Source Type: research
Magnetic Nanostructures for Cancer Theranostic Applications
AbstractPurpose of ReviewCancer is a life-threatening disease and one of the leading causes of death globally. Currently a good number therapeutic modalities including chemotherapy are used to treat cancer. All these treatments have their own advantages and disadvantages, and hence, usually two or more therapies are combined for effective treatment of cancer. However, the inadequacy of treatment is so high that in the past few decades, deaths due to cancer did not change much, even after development of several new treatment modalities and drugs. Early detection and treatment are the most important factors for ensuring succ...
Source: Current Pathobiology Reports - July 22, 2021 Category: Laboratory Medicine Source Type: research
The Role of Gold Nanoclusters as Emerging Theranostic Agents for Cancer Management
AbstractPurpose of reviewThis review focuses on introducing the role of luminescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) as promising combinatorial agents for accurate diagnosis and image guided therapeutics for cancer management.Recent findingsThe unique opto-electronic properties as well as high biocompatibilty of luminescent AuNCs enable their use as tracers in optical imaging as well as precise multi-modal tumor imaging with X-ray/CT, PET and MRI. Moreover, the photostability of AuNCs in comparison to conventional fluorescent dyes has allowed their widespread use as sensitizing materials for enhanced photothermal, photodynamic an...
Source: Current Pathobiology Reports - May 25, 2021 Category: Laboratory Medicine Source Type: research
A Reflection on the Mechanism of the Role of Nanoparticles in Increasing the Efficacy of Anti-tumour Properties of Docetaxel
AbstractPurpose of ReviewDocetaxel is an important cancer therapeutic drug that targets microtubules. As a taxane, it has high cytotoxic potential and causes cell death by inducing polymerization of tubulin monomers and inhibiting depolymerization or inducing apoptosis by stimulating the phosphorylation B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). As a hydrophobic drug, the clinical application of docetaxel is limited. The nanoparticle-based platforms as drug carriers have opened up the vast potential of docetaxel. The purpose of the review is to introduce the developments in nano-drug carriers in meeting the needs to target individual tumo...
Source: Current Pathobiology Reports - May 3, 2021 Category: Laboratory Medicine Source Type: research
Nanomedicine in Cancer Clinics: Are We There Yet?
AbstractPurpose of ReviewDespite preclinical success of nanomedicine for anticancer activity, the clinical success of the same has been very limited. This review evaluates and discusses the therapeutic potential and pitfalls of clinically undergoing and successful nanoformulations in treatment of globally prevalent cancers.Recent FindingsCancer is the second leading cause of disease-related deaths all over the world. Alongside the FDA approved indication, chemotherapeutic nanoformulations like Abraxane and Doxil are alternatively evaluated in other cancers providing positive results.SummaryThe review gives an update on the...
Source: Current Pathobiology Reports - March 13, 2021 Category: Laboratory Medicine Source Type: research
Understanding Physico-chemical Interactions of Dendrimers with Guest Molecules for Efficient Drug and Gene Delivery
AbstractPurpose of ReviewDrug and gene deliveries are crucial aspects in biomedical application as they stimulate biological response of the body to elicit a therapeutic effect. It is seen that drugs, their formulations and the route of administrations, play a vital role in enhancing therapeutic effect onto the desired cellular or intracellular target. But, conventional drug forms suffer from poor pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics profile. For this purpose, different nanosized dendrimer-based drug and gene delivery systems and the interactions between dendrimers and guest molecules have been reviewed.Recent FindingsDen...
Source: Current Pathobiology Reports - March 6, 2021 Category: Laboratory Medicine Source Type: research
Mathematical Modeling and Simulations for Developing Nanoparticle-Based Cancer Drug Delivery Systems: A Review
AbstractPurpose of ReviewNanoparticles are crucial for developing patient-/target-specific drug delivery systems. In recent days, mathematical modeling and simulation plays an important role in optimization of various parameters like nanoparticle-based drug dose, dissolution of drug particles, and adverse reaction from the nanoparticles. With the help of modeling and simulation, we can determine or optimize the type, shape, and size of the nanoparticles to be utilized as potential drug delivery system and its influence on the targeted cells/tissues. The main purpose of this review article is to discuss the latest modeling ...
Source: Current Pathobiology Reports - January 6, 2021 Category: Laboratory Medicine Source Type: research
Apprehending Ulcerative Colitis Management With Springing Up Therapeutic Approaches: Can Nanotechnology Play a Nascent Role?
AbstractPurpose of ReviewUlcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disorder that causes inflammation in the colon and rectum and can be lethal to the patients. The dysbiotic intestinal microbiome is considered a major factor of UC, yet it needs more evidences. As there is no cure for UC, anti-inflammatory drugs, potent steroids, immunomodulatory drugs, or even surgery is used to manage the disease. The purpose of this review is to focus on the underlying factors involved in the disease pathogenicity, including host gut microbiome and novel therapies for treatment of UC.Recent FindingsDue to disruption of inte...
Source: Current Pathobiology Reports - January 6, 2021 Category: Laboratory Medicine Source Type: research
Characterizing Immune Responses in Whole Slide Images of Cancer With Digital Pathology and Pathomics
We report the availability of these tools in an effort to promote collaborative research and motivate future development of ensemble Pathomics applications to discover novel biomarkers and perform a wide range of correlative clinicopathologic research in cancer immunopathology and beyond.SummaryTumor immune interactions in cancer are a fascinating aspect of cancer pathobiology with particular significance due to the emergence of immunotherapy. We present simple yet powerful specialized Pathomics methods that serve as powerful clinical research tools and potential standalone clinical screening tests to predict clinical outc...
Source: Current Pathobiology Reports - December 23, 2020 Category: Laboratory Medicine Source Type: research
Beyond Growth Factors: Macrophage-Centric Strategies for Angiogenesis
AbstractFunctional angiogenesis is a critical therapeutic goal in many pathological conditions. Logically, the use of pro-angiogenic growth factors has been the mainstay approach despite obvious limitations and modest success. Recently, macrophages have been identified as key regulators of the host response to implanted materials. Particularly, our understanding of dynamically plastic macrophage phenotypes, their interactions with biomaterials, and varied roles in different stages of angiogenic processes is evolving rapidly. In this review, we discuss changing perspectives on therapeutic angiogenesis, in relation to implan...
Source: Current Pathobiology Reports - November 10, 2020 Category: Laboratory Medicine Source Type: research
