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Updates in functional dyspepsia and bloating
Purpose of review Functional dyspepsia and bloating are common gastrointestinal conditions that frequently lead to gastroenterology referral. Both disorders have a significant negative impact on patients’ quality of life and the healthcare system. The purpose of this review is to highlight important new findings in the cause, pathophysiology and treatment of these two disorders. Recent findings Confocal laser endomicroscopy identified changes in epithelial barrier structure and function, providing important insights into the development of functional dyspepsia symptoms when combined with new observations of lo...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - October 14, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: STOMACH AND DUODENUM: Edited by Tilak U. Shah Source Type: research

Gastroduodenal injury and repair: novel targets for therapeutic intervention
Purpose of review Although the mucosal barrier serves as a primary interface between the environment and host, little is understood about the repair of acute, superficial lesions or deeper, persistent lesions that if not healed, can be the site of increased permeability to luminal antigens, inflammation and/or neoplasia development. Recent findings Recent studies have focused on focal adhesion kinase, which regulates controlled matrix adhesion during restitution after superficial injury. Actin polymerization regulates cell migration and the importance of actin-related proteins was also highlighted. Work on SARS-...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - October 14, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: STOMACH AND DUODENUM: Edited by Tilak U. Shah Source Type: research

Management of upper gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with autoimmune gastritis
Purpose of review Autoimmune gastritis is characterized by atrophy of acid secreting parietal cells resulting in achlorhydria. Upper gastrointestinal symptoms are common in autoimmune gastritis and frequently result in prescriptions for acid suppressant medications despite the inability of the stomach to secrete acid. Evidence-based recommendations for management of gastrointestinal symptoms in autoimmune gastritis are lacking. Recent findings The most common symptoms in patients with autoimmune gastritis are dyspepsia, heartburn, and regurgitation. Gastroesophageal reflux should be confirmed by pH-impedance tes...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - October 14, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: STOMACH AND DUODENUM: Edited by Tilak U. Shah Source Type: research

Endobariatrics: well past infancy and maturing rapidly
Purpose of review This review summarizes the key developments with regard to FDA-approved endoscopic bariatric metabolic therapies (EBMTs) in the last 2 years. Recent findings The prevalence of obesity has increased during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and obesity worsens COVID-19 related outcomes. Several studies have confirmed the safety and short-term efficacy of intragastric balloons (IGBs). In the short-term IGBs may improve steatosis and fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and improve quality of life and mental health. Unfortunately weight loss from these temporarily placed d...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - October 14, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: STOMACH AND DUODENUM: Edited by Tilak U. Shah Source Type: research

Diet and carcinogenesis of gastric cancer
Purpose of review Several recent studies have corroborated a strong association between diet and gastric cancer risk; investigators have also identified dietary factors that protect against gastric cancer. This review summarizes the literature on this topic and guides future research directions. Recent findings High-salt intake disrupts the gastric mucosal defense barrier, promoting Helicobacter pylori colonization and penetration of other carcinogenic compounds. Processed foods, processed meats, red meat, alcohol, foods with high dietary fat, and dietary cholesterol increase the risk of gastric carcinogenesis. ...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - October 14, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: STOMACH AND DUODENUM: Edited by Tilak U. Shah Source Type: research

Gastric submucosal mass lesions
Purpose of review Gastric submucosal mass lesions are a collection of tumours that arise in the stomach and are deep to the mucosal layer. Distinct from gastric epithelial carcinomas, these tumours are generally more indolent. They are often found incidentally on upper endoscopy. Most often they present as smooth protuberant masses covered by normal intact gastric mucosa. The majority are asymptomatic. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is frequently employed to further characterize the lesions. EUS can be diagnostic of some lesions, such as lipomas, and can be used to guide fine needle aspiration to diagnose others. Adding t...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - October 14, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: STOMACH AND DUODENUM: Edited by Tilak U. Shah Source Type: research

Editorial: Stomach and duodenum: what is current in 2022?
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology)
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - October 14, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: STOMACH AND DUODENUM: Edited by Tilak U. Shah Source Type: research

The vermiform cecal appendix, expendable or essential? A narrative review
Purpose of review The vermiform cecal appendix is a small thin pouch-like tube of intestinal tissue situated in the lower right abdomen. It is attached at the junction of the large intestine between the ascending colon and small intestine. Historically, the appendix has been labeled redundant with no significant function, a remnant of evolution. This idea was thought to represent a function that may have been critical for survival that became nonsignificant over time. Evolutionary biologists deemed it to be a vestigial organ that early in human evolution was a dedicated organ that was useful and exploited by herbivorou...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - October 14, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: IMMUNOLOGY: Edited by Jocelyn A. Silvester Source Type: research

Considerations when starting patients on multiple biologics and small molecules
Purpose of review Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is complex disease that poses significant economic, and psychological burden on patients. Despite advent of newer biologics and small molecules targeting different aspects of immunopathogenesis, there appears to be a plateau in clinical outcomes. In this review we discuss the role of multiple biologics, existing evidence and various considerations when prescribing multiple biologics. Recent findings Recent scientific advances helped to unravel the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and newer cytokines have been identified which can be potential target...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - October 14, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: IMMUNOLOGY: Edited by Jocelyn A. Silvester Source Type: research

Gastrointestinal symptoms in COVID-19: the long and the short of it
This article reviews recent observational data related to gastrointestinal symptoms in ‘long COVID’ and discusses pathophysiologic mechanisms that might explain persistent post-COVID gastrointestinal symptoms. Recent findings Gastrointestinal symptoms are present in half of the patients with acute COVID-19, persist 6 months after COVID-19 in 10–25% of patients, and are rated as the most bothersome symptom in 11% of all patients. These symptoms include heartburn, constipation, diarrhoea and abdominal pain and decline in prevalence with the passage of time. Long COVID gastrointestinal symptoms are associated wit...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - October 14, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: IMMUNOLOGY: Edited by Jocelyn A. Silvester Source Type: research

The gut virome in health and disease: new insights and associations
Purpose of review Recent years have seen great strides made in the field of viral metagenomics. Many studies have reported alterations in the virome in different disease states. The vast majority of the human intestinal virome consists of bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria. The dynamic relationship between gut bacterial populations and bacteriophages is influenced by environmental factors that also impact host health and disease. In this review, we focus on studies highlighting the dynamics of the gut virome and fluctuations associated with disease states. Recent findings Novel correlations have been i...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - October 14, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: IMMUNOLOGY: Edited by Jocelyn A. Silvester Source Type: research

Role of mast cells in eosinophilic esophagitis
Purpose of review This review will present what is known from recent research on the involvement of mast cells in eosinophilic esophagitis and identify questions requiring further investigation. Recent findings In the adults and children with eosinophilic esophagitis, there is increasing evidence that mastocytosis can persist, despite resolution of eosinophilia and is associated with persistent mucosal abnormalities and symptoms. Despite, treatment mast cells have an activated transcriptome. Mast cells likely contribute to epithelial barrier dysfunction, smooth muscle hypertrophy and contraction, and subepitheli...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - October 14, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: IMMUNOLOGY: Edited by Jocelyn A. Silvester Source Type: research

Implications of Paneth cell dysfunction on gastrointestinal health and disease
Purpose of review Paneth cells are specialized, secretory epithelial cells located in the small intestine. Although their existence was first described in 1872, their precise role in the gut remained unclear for over a century. Over the past few decades, elegant studies have shown Paneth cells play a key role enhancing gut barrier function, as niche cells for the intestinal stem cell compartment and via secreting antimicrobial peptides to establish an antimicrobial barrier at the epithelial surface. This review describes what is known about Paneth cell biology from human and animal studies with a focus on their putativ...
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - October 14, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: IMMUNOLOGY: Edited by Jocelyn A. Silvester Source Type: research

Editorial: Best supporting actors: shining a light on the diverse roles of immune cells in gastrointestinal disease
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology)
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - October 14, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: IMMUNOLOGY: Edited by Jocelyn A. Silvester Source Type: research

Editorial introductions
No abstract available (Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology)
Source: Current Opinion in Gastroenterology - October 14, 2022 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTIONS Source Type: research