Incidence and Mitigation of Corneal Pseudomicrocysts Induced by Antibody –Drug Conjugates (ADCs)
This study is to highlight the incidence of corneal pseudomicrocysts in FDA-approved antibody –drug conjugates (ADCs), and success of preventive therapies for pseudomicrocysts and related ocular surface adverse events (AEs).Recent FindingsADCs are an emerging class of selective cancer therapies that consist of a potent cytotoxin connected to a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that targets antigens expressed on malignant cells. Currently, there are 11 FDA-approved ADCs with over 164 in clinical trials. Various AEs have been attributed to ADCs, including ocular surface AEs (keratitis/keratopathy, dry eye, conjunctivitis, blurred ...
Source: Current Ophthalmology Reports - March 25, 2024 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

Target in Sight: A Comprehensive Review of Hydroxychloroquine-Induced Bull ’s Eye Maculopathy
AbstractPurpose of ReviewWe review the latest screening and diagnostic techniques and the most recent recommendations on the management of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy.Recent FindingsHydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been shown to cause retinal toxicity in a dose-dependent fashion. Early diagnosis is critical as the resultant retinopathy is not reversible. New imaging modalities, such as adaptive optics (AO), microperimetry, and retro-mode imaging, may show promise in the timely diagnosis of HCQ retinopathy.SummaryAutomated visual fields and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) are the primary tests used in r...
Source: Current Ophthalmology Reports - February 23, 2024 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

Insight into the Brain: Application of the Retinal Microvasculature as a Biomarker for Cerebrovascular Diseases through Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe present article serves as a comprehensive review of the published research literature surrounding the retinal microvasculature, characterized through the optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and its potential clinical value for understanding and detecting cerebrovascular diseases.Recent FindingsStudies from the past 3 years (2020 –2023) have identified a degeneration of the retinal microvasculature, commonly defined through the loss of vascular density, in ischemic stroke, dementia, carotid artery stenosis, cerebral small vessel disease, and a series of rare, potentially inherited ...
Source: Current Ophthalmology Reports - November 28, 2023 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

Management of Surgically-Induced Necrotizing Scleritis: Case Series and Review of the Literature
AbstractPurpose of ReviewCurrently, surgically-induced necrotizing scleritis (SINS) is a pathology that does not have a specific treatment approach. Different techniques have been described in the literature, many with limited success. Our study is aimed at describing our surgical approach and clinical outcomes for management of SINS in contrast to other techniques described in the literature.Recent FindingsTenon-conjunctiva flaps are an excellent approach for SINS as it re-vascularizes the area of ischemia and halts necrosis. Other tissues such as corneal and scleral patch grafts, amniotic membrane, and collagen matrix ha...
Source: Current Ophthalmology Reports - November 6, 2023 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-Related Factors on Glaucoma: a Comprehensive Review
AbstractPurposeTo investigate the contradictory association of glaucoma with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its related factors that have been a springboard for a number of complications including glaucoma. Also, to examine the neuroprotective effects of antidiabetic medications.Recent FindingsRecent studies suggest that T2DM may alleviate glaucoma risk or they may have common risk factors. Further, antidiabetic medications also exhibited neuroprotective properties in several studies.SummaryGlaucoma is one of the complications significantly influenced by diabetes-induced metabolic changes in the body. Though the preci...
Source: Current Ophthalmology Reports - September 21, 2023 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

Biomaterials for Glaucoma Surgery
AbstractPurpose of ReviewHigh rates of fibrosis and bleb failure after conventional glaucoma surgeries have stimulated a renewed interest in developing biomaterials for glaucoma surgery. We review the latest findings on a variety of materials used to modify trabeculectomy, glaucoma drainage devices, nonpenetrating glaucoma surgeries and microinvasive glaucoma surgeries (MIGS).Recent FindingsWhile traditional implant materials like silicone and polypropylene can be inflammatory and lead to device encapsulation, new biomaterials are aimed at lessening postoperative inflammation and fibrosis. Natural polymers found in the eye...
Source: Current Ophthalmology Reports - September 15, 2023 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

New Concepts in Steroid Glaucoma
AbstractPurpose of ReviewIn this article, we discuss the pathophysiology underlying intraocular pressure elevation associated with corticosteroid use as well as targeted therapies for treatment.Recent FindingsSeveral signaling pathways at the level of the trabecular meshwork are altered by steroid exposure. A pre-existing diagnosis of glaucoma is the best-established risk factor for development of steroid-associated ocular hypertension. Topical, local, and systemic steroids have all been associated with ocular hypertension.SummaryCurrent management is directed at steroid-sparing alternatives to treatment, steroid cessation...
Source: Current Ophthalmology Reports - August 23, 2023 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

Conjunctival Nevus
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo provide an up-to-date review of the epidemiology, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options for conjunctival nevi (CN).Recent FindingsAround 17.2%-42% of all conjunctival tumors have been found to be CN, which most frequently present in White individuals between the first to early third decade of life, with equal distribution between males and females. CN commonly occur in the interpalpebral bulbar conjunctiva with pigmentation ranging from amelanotic to dark. Diagnosis is typically made through slit lamp examination, visualized by a well circumscribed, variably elevated, variably pigmented...
Source: Current Ophthalmology Reports - July 19, 2023 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

Radiation Retinopathy
AbstractPurpose of the Review.In this review, we bring together recent developments in the detection and management of radiation retinopathy.Recent FindingsResearch into OCT-angiography for radiation retinopathy has led to the identification of biomarkers of early radiation-induced changes in the retinal microvasculature including focal capillary loss and vascular remodeling. These microvasculature changes are detectable after exposure to radiation but prior to the emergence of classical clinical markers historically used to diagnose radiation retinopathy. The ability to detect subclinical changes may present the need to r...
Source: Current Ophthalmology Reports - June 20, 2023 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

Medication Induced Glaucoma
AbstractPurposeTo discuss current definitions, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of medication-induced glaucoma.Recent FindingsTreatment of steroid-induced glaucoma (SIG) is diverse and ranges from the cessation of steroids to conventional incisional surgery. The advent of microinvasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) and new topical therapeutics has shifted the paradigm of treatment and allowed for an expansion of the options available to surgeons and patients. For patients that have medication-induced angle closure, there is a growing list of offending agents that clinicians need to be aware of in practice. Routine scre...
Source: Current Ophthalmology Reports - June 17, 2023 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

Intra-Arterial Chemotherapy for Retinoblastoma
AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo review the surgical technique, pharmacotherapy, contraindications, and outcomes of intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) in the treatment of retinoblastoma.Recent FindingsIAC has emerged as a therapy for retinoblastoma. During IAC, a catheter is placed in the ophthalmic artery to selectively deliver chemotherapy. No universal protocol exists for the treatment of retinoblastoma, but melphalan, carboplatin, and topotecan triple-drug regimen are commonly used in IAC. The IAC doses are based on the patients ’ age and weight and the severity and extent of the disease. Contraindications for IAC are poor...
Source: Current Ophthalmology Reports - May 23, 2023 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

Phakic Lenses in Corneal Ectasia
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe aim is to show the results that have been obtained with phakic lenses in corneal ectasia and outline the new therapeutic trends that may be associated with their implantation.Recent FindingsDespite the good results obtained in standalone phakic lenses in corneal ectasias, different combined therapeutic protocols, not yet well defined, are being tried to regularize the corneal curvature and stop the progression of ectasia in order to achieve the most accurate correction possible with long-term stability and good visual acuity.SummaryPhakic intraocular lenses (pIOL) are the most efficient therape...
Source: Current Ophthalmology Reports - May 9, 2023 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

Update on Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Uveitis
AbstractPurpose of ReviewIn this article, we review the current updates on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs) and the management of ICPI-associated uveitis.Recent FindingsICPI-associated uveitis usually presents within 6  months of ICPI initiation. The spectrum of vision loss ranges from mild to severe, and may be as poor as light perception. In recent years, various societies have published guidelines with updated management recommendations for ICPI-associated uveitis. Steroids and cessation of ICPI administration remain the mainstays of treatment. The visual prognosis is generally good with appropriate treatment. Reca...
Source: Current Ophthalmology Reports - May 2, 2023 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

Approach to Astigmatism Correction during Cataract Surgery
ConclusionGiven the information provided by modern calculations to predict final astigmatism, it can be said that every patient deserves astigmatism correction until it is shown that the final residual refraction does not require any special maneuver or a toric lens. (Source: Current Ophthalmology Reports)
Source: Current Ophthalmology Reports - April 14, 2023 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research

Surfing the COVID-19 Tsunami with Teleophthalmology: the Advent of New Models of Eye Care
AbstractPurpose of ReviewIn this article, we reviewed the impact resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic on the traditional model of care in ophthalmology.Recent FindingsThough virtual eye care has been present for more than 20  years, the COVID-19 pandemic has established a precedent to seriously consider its role in the evolving paradigm of vision and eye care. New hybrid models of care have enhanced or replaced traditional synchronous and asynchronous visits. The increased use of smart phoneography and mobile applicati ons enhanced the remote examination of patients. Use of e-learning became a mainstream tool to continue ...
Source: Current Ophthalmology Reports - January 28, 2023 Category: Opthalmology Source Type: research