Genetic characterization of newly emerging avian reovirus variants in chickens with viral arthritis/tenosynovitis in Israel
In this study, we characterized emerging ARV variants in Israel and analyzed their genetic relationship with reference strains. One hundred thirty-four ARV variants were isolated from tendons and synovial fluids of commercial broiler chickens with signs of arthritis/tenosynovitis. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial segment of the sigma C (σC) gene confirmed that these field isolates from Israel could be clustered into all six known clusters. The majority of ARV isolates in Israel belonged to the genotypic cluster 5 (GC5). The strains in this study had a low sequence identity when compared to the commercial vaccine (stra...
Source: Virology - November 12, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Yigal Farnoushi Dan Heller Avishai Lublin Source Type: research

Hemagglutinin affects replication, stability and airborne transmission of the H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus
Virology. 2023 Nov 4;589:109926. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109926. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTH9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) can transmit by direct as well as airborne contacts. It has been widespread in poultry and continued to contribute to zoonotic spillover events by providing its six internal genes for the reassortment of novel influenza viruses (eg, H7N9) that infect poultry and humans. Compared to H7N9, H9N2 virus displays an efficient airborne transmissibility in poultry, but the mechanisms of transmission difference have been insufficiently studied. The Hemagglutinin (HA) and viral polymerase acidic p...
Source: Virology - November 12, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Xu Naiqing Xinen Tang Xin Wang Miao Cai Xiaowen Liu Xiaolong Lu Shunlin Hu Min Gu Jiao Hu Ruyi Gao Kaituo Liu Yu Chen Xiufan Liu Xiaoquan Wang Source Type: research

Identification of subgenomic mRNAs derived from the coronavirus 1a/1b protein gene: Implications for coronavirus transcription
Virology. 2023 Nov 2;589:109920. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109920. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTSynthesis of coronavirus subgenomic mRNA (sgmRNA) is guided by the transcription regulatory sequence (TRS). sgmRNA derived from the body TRS (TRS-B) located at the 1a/1b protein gene is designated 1ab/sgmRNA. In the current study, we comprehensively identified the 1ab/sgmRNAs synthesized from TRS-Bs located at the 1a/1b protein genes of different coronavirus genera both in vitro and in vivo by RT‒PCR and sequencing. The results suggested that the degree of sequence homology between the leader TRS (TRS-L) and TRS-B may not be ...
Source: Virology - November 12, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Ching-Hung Lin Feng-Cheng Hsieh Meilin Wang Chieh Hsu Hsuan-Wei Hsu Chun-Chun Yang Cheng-Yao Yang Hung-Yi Wu Source Type: research

Expression dynamics of the aplysia abyssovirus
Virology. 2023 Sep 30;589:109890. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109890. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTTwo recent studies documented the genome of a novel, extremely large (35.9 kb), nidovirus in RNA sequence databases from the marine neural model Aplysia californica. The goal of the present study was to document the distribution and transcriptional dynamics of this virus, Aplysia abyssovirus 1 (AAbV), in maricultured and wild animals. We confirmed previous findings that AAbV RNA is widespread and reaches extraordinary levels in apparently healthy animals. Transmission electron microscopy identified viral replication factories ...
Source: Virology - November 11, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Nicholas S Kron Benjamin W Neuman Sathish Kumar Patricia L Blackwelder Dayana Vidal Delphina Z Walker-Phelan Patrick D I Gibbs Lynne A Fieber Michael C Schmale Source Type: research

Reassortant H9N2 canine influenza viruses containing the pandemic H1N1/2009 ribonucleoprotein complex circulating in pigs acquired enhanced virulence in mice
This study generated 20 reassortant viruses with the introduction of H1N1/2009 internal genes from EA H1N1 virus into H9N2 virus. 12 of these recovered the replication capability both in the lungs and turbinate samples. 10 of 12 obtained PA gene segments from the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes of the EA H1N1 virus, and 3 exhibited extreme virulence. Specially, the combination of PB2, PA and NP genes could overcome the species-specific restriction in human cells. Analysis of the polymerase activities found that introduction of the PA gene resulted in increased polymerase activity. These findings indicated that RNP comple...
Source: Virology - November 11, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Min Zhu Hao Zeng Jianqiao He Yaohui Zhu Pingping Wang Jianing Guo Jinfan Guo Huabo Zhou Yifeng Qin Kang Ouyang Zuzhang Wei Weijian Huang Ying Chen Source Type: research

Innate immune responses reverse HIV cognitive disease in mice: Profile by RNAseq in the brain
Virology. 2023 Nov 2;589:109917. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109917. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTAntiretroviral therapy controls immunodeficiency in people with HIV but many develop mild neurocognitive disorder. Here we investigated HIV brain disease by infecting mice with the chimeric HIV, EcoHIV, and probing changes in brain gene expression during infection and reversal with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). EcoHIV-infected C57BL/6 mice were treated with poly I:C and monitored by assay of learning in radial arm water maze, RNAseq of striatum, and QPCR of virus burden and brain transcripts. Poly I:C reversed Eco...
Source: Virology - November 11, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Alejandra Borjabad Baojun Dong Wei Chao David J Volsky Mary Jane Potash Source Type: research

Expression dynamics of the aplysia abyssovirus
Virology. 2023 Sep 30;589:109890. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109890. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTTwo recent studies documented the genome of a novel, extremely large (35.9 kb), nidovirus in RNA sequence databases from the marine neural model Aplysia californica. The goal of the present study was to document the distribution and transcriptional dynamics of this virus, Aplysia abyssovirus 1 (AAbV), in maricultured and wild animals. We confirmed previous findings that AAbV RNA is widespread and reaches extraordinary levels in apparently healthy animals. Transmission electron microscopy identified viral replication factories ...
Source: Virology - November 11, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Nicholas S Kron Benjamin W Neuman Sathish Kumar Patricia L Blackwelder Dayana Vidal Delphina Z Walker-Phelan Patrick D I Gibbs Lynne A Fieber Michael C Schmale Source Type: research

Reassortant H9N2 canine influenza viruses containing the pandemic H1N1/2009 ribonucleoprotein complex circulating in pigs acquired enhanced virulence in mice
This study generated 20 reassortant viruses with the introduction of H1N1/2009 internal genes from EA H1N1 virus into H9N2 virus. 12 of these recovered the replication capability both in the lungs and turbinate samples. 10 of 12 obtained PA gene segments from the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes of the EA H1N1 virus, and 3 exhibited extreme virulence. Specially, the combination of PB2, PA and NP genes could overcome the species-specific restriction in human cells. Analysis of the polymerase activities found that introduction of the PA gene resulted in increased polymerase activity. These findings indicated that RNP comple...
Source: Virology - November 11, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Min Zhu Hao Zeng Jianqiao He Yaohui Zhu Pingping Wang Jianing Guo Jinfan Guo Huabo Zhou Yifeng Qin Kang Ouyang Zuzhang Wei Weijian Huang Ying Chen Source Type: research

Innate immune responses reverse HIV cognitive disease in mice: Profile by RNAseq in the brain
Virology. 2023 Nov 2;589:109917. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109917. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTAntiretroviral therapy controls immunodeficiency in people with HIV but many develop mild neurocognitive disorder. Here we investigated HIV brain disease by infecting mice with the chimeric HIV, EcoHIV, and probing changes in brain gene expression during infection and reversal with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). EcoHIV-infected C57BL/6 mice were treated with poly I:C and monitored by assay of learning in radial arm water maze, RNAseq of striatum, and QPCR of virus burden and brain transcripts. Poly I:C reversed Eco...
Source: Virology - November 11, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Alejandra Borjabad Baojun Dong Wei Chao David J Volsky Mary Jane Potash Source Type: research

Construction and biological characterization of a cDNA infectious clone of wheat umbra-like virus in wheat and Nicotiana benthamiana
Virology. 2023 Nov 3;589:109929. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109929. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTUmbravirus-like associated RNAs (ulaRNAs) are a new group of subviral RNAs associated with plants. Little is known about the biology of ulaRNAs. We recently reported wheat umbra-like virus (WULV) from Kansas fields. In this work, we generated a full-length cDNA clone of WULV which systemically infected N. benthamiana. While agroinfiltrated leaves demonstrated severe necrosis, upper leaves were symptomless. We also showed that WULV is capable of infecting wheat in the absence of a helper virus. Furthermore, and through sap inocu...
Source: Virology - November 10, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Shahideh Nouri Aleksandra Zarzy ńska-Nowak Ved Prakash Source Type: research

Mutations in the 3' non-coding region of a no-known vector flavivirus Yokose virus increased its replication ability in mosquito C6/36  cells
Virology. 2023 Nov 7;589:109928. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109928. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTYokose virus (YOKV) is a bat-associated no-known vector flavivirus group member. We investigated the replication ability of YOKV in mosquito-derived C6/36 cells. YOKV grew in C6/36 cells, but its kinetics of YOKV was markedly slower than those of other mosquito-borne flaviviruses. Transmission electron microscopy indicated an extremely small number of viral particles in YOKV-infected C6/36 cells. Mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus prM-E-bearing chimeric YOKV failed to propagate efficiently in C6/36 cells. We isolated C6...
Source: Virology - November 10, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Shigeru Tajima Michiyo Kataoka Yuki Takamatsu Hideki Ebihara Chang-Kweng Lim Source Type: research

Stem-pitting caused by Citrus tristeza virus is associated with increased phloem occlusion
Virology. 2023 Oct 20;589:109918. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109918. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTStem-pitting (SP) disease results from disruption of normal phloem and xylem development. In citrus, a characteristic manifestation of SP caused by Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is phloem regeneration. We hypothesized that phloem regeneration occurs due to reduced functionality of CTV infected phloem cells. To examine phloem cell occlusions in CTV-SP, we analyzed callose and phloem-protein (PP) accumulation in Citrus macrophylla trees infected with CTV mutants exhibiting different SP phenotypes from very mild (CTVΔp13) to sever...
Source: Virology - November 9, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Maryam Khalilzadeh Chun-Yi Lin Chunxia Wang Choaa Amine El-Mohtar Amit Levy Source Type: research

Stem-pitting caused by Citrus tristeza virus is associated with increased phloem occlusion
Virology. 2023 Oct 20;589:109918. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109918. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTStem-pitting (SP) disease results from disruption of normal phloem and xylem development. In citrus, a characteristic manifestation of SP caused by Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is phloem regeneration. We hypothesized that phloem regeneration occurs due to reduced functionality of CTV infected phloem cells. To examine phloem cell occlusions in CTV-SP, we analyzed callose and phloem-protein (PP) accumulation in Citrus macrophylla trees infected with CTV mutants exhibiting different SP phenotypes from very mild (CTVΔp13) to sever...
Source: Virology - November 9, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Maryam Khalilzadeh Chun-Yi Lin Chunxia Wang Choaa Amine El-Mohtar Amit Levy Source Type: research

Murine norovirus infection of macrophages induces intrinsic apoptosis as the major form of programmed cell death
Virology. 2023 Oct 31;589:109921. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109921. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTHuman norovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, however despite the significance of this pathogen, we have a limited understanding of how noroviruses cause disease, and modulate the innate immune response. Programmed cell death (PCD) is an important part of the innate response to invading pathogens, but little is known about how specific PCD pathways contribute to norovirus replication. Here, we reveal that murine norovirus (MNV) virus-induced PCD in macrophages correlates with the release of infectiou...
Source: Virology - November 8, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Joshua M Deerain Turgut E Aktepe Alice M Trenerry Gregor Ebert Jennifer L Hyde Katelyn Charry Laura Edgington-Mitchell Banyan Xu Rebecca L Ambrose Soroush T Sarvestani Kate E Lawlor Jaclyn S Pearson Peter A White Jason M Mackenzie Source Type: research

Analysis of spike and accessory 3c genes mutations of less virulent and FIP-associated feline coronaviruses in Beijing, China
Virology. 2023 Oct 30;589:109919. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109919. Online ahead of print.ABSTRACTMutations in S and 3c genes of feline coronavirus (FCoV) have been associated with the development of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). In the present study, FCoV S and 3c genes mutations were analyzed in healthy and FIP cats. M1058L mutation was found in 13.64% (3/22) feces from FIP cats, but not in feces from healthy cats (0/39). The intact 3c gene was found in feces from both healthy cats (19/19) and FIP cats (12/12). All parenteral samples from FIP cats carried one or more of the M1058L mutation, S1060A mutation and mut...
Source: Virology - November 8, 2023 Category: Virology Authors: Jingru Zhu Shuqi Deng Danxia Mou Gege Zhang Yingying Fu Wei Huang Yueping Zhang Yanli Lyu Source Type: research