Genomic Characteristics Behind the Spread of Bacteremic Group A Streptococcus Type emm89 in Finland, 2004-2014
Conclusions. A new emm89 clone, clade 3, emerged in 2009 and spread rapidly in Finland. Patients infected with certain subclades of clade 3 were significantly more likely to die. A specific polymerase chain reaction assay was developed to follow the spread of subclade D in 2015. (Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases)
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases - December 4, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Latronico, F., Nasser, W., Puhakainen, K., Ollgren, J., Hyyryläinen, H.-L., Beres, S. B., Lyytikäinen, O., Jalava, J., Musser, J. M., Vuopio, J. Tags: BACTERIA Source Type: research
Measles Outbreak Among Previously Immunized Healthcare Workers, the Netherlands, 2014
Conclusions. Measles occurred in 6 twice-vaccinated HCWs, despite 2 having adequate pre-exposure neutralizing antibodies. None of the twice-vaccinated cases had severe measles, and none had onward transmission, consistent with laboratory findings suggesting a secondary immune response. Improving 2-dose MMR coverage among HCWs would have likely reduced the size of this outbreak. (Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases)
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases - December 4, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Hahne, S. J. M., Nic Lochlainn, L. M., van Burgel, N. D., Kerkhof, J., Sane, J., Yap, K. B., van Binnendijk, R. S. Tags: VIRUSES Source Type: research
Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 9-Expressed ZMapp in Mice Confers Protection Against Systemic and Airway-Acquired Ebola Virus Infection
Adeno-associated viral vectors can be used as a platform for delivering biological countermeasures against pandemic and biological threats. We show that vector delivery of two antibody components of the ZMapp product is effective in mice against systemic and airway challenge with a mouse-adapted strain of Ebola virus. This platform provides a generic manufacturing solution and overcomes some of the delivery challenges associated with repeated administration of the protective protein. (Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases)
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases - December 4, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Limberis, M. P., Tretiakova, A., Nambiar, K., Wong, G., Racine, T., Crosariol, M., Xiangguo, Q., Kobinger, G., Wilson, J. M. Tags: VIRUSES Source Type: research
Direct-Acting Antiviral-Induced Hepatitis C Virus Clearance Does Not Completely Restore the Altered Cytokine and Chemokine Milieu in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C
Conclusions. Chronic HCV infection appears to disrupt the milieu of soluble inflammatory mediators even after viral clearance. Thus, HCV cure does not lead to complete immunological restitution. (Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases)
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases - December 4, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Hengst, J., Falk, C. S., Schlaphoff, V., Deterding, K., Manns, M. P., Cornberg, M., Wedemeyer, H. Tags: VIRUSES Source Type: research
Reduction in Vaccine-Type Human Papillomavirus Prevalence Among Women in the United States, 2009-2012
Between 2009 and 2012, the proportion of young women in the United States completing the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine doubled. To understand how quickly this increased uptake is affecting women in the United States, we evaluated the prevalence of vaccine-type (VT) HPV strains among young women in national data sets from 2009–2010 and 2011–2012. Among 18–26-year-old women, the prevalence of VT HPV decreased markedly over a short interval, from 15.4% in 2009–2010 to 8.5% in 2011–2012 (prevalence ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, .28–.92), and the prevalence of high-risk VT HPV de...
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases - December 4, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Berenson, A. B., Laz, T. H., Rahman, M. Tags: VIRUSES Source Type: research
Risk of Delayed Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Inner-City Adolescent Women
Conclusions. Among adolescents immunized at ≥15 years of age, a longer time to complete the 3-dose schedule was associated with an increased risk of anogenital HPV6/11/16/18 infection and an increased incidence of associated cervical cytological abnormalities. (Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases)
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases - December 4, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Schlecht, N. F., Diaz, A., Shankar, V., Szporn, A. H., Wu, M., Nucci-Sack, A., Peake, K., Strickler, H. D., Burk, R. D. Tags: VIRUSES Source Type: research
Antibodies Against the Current Influenza A(H1N1) Vaccine Strain Do Not Protect Some Individuals From Infection With Contemporary Circulating Influenza A(H1N1) Virus Strains
During the 2013–2014 influenza season, nearly all circulating 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus (A[H1N1]pdm09) strains possessed an antigenically important mutation in hemagglutinin (K166Q). Here, we performed hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) assays, using sera collected from 382 individuals prior to the 2013–2014 season, and we determined whether HAI titers were associated with protection from A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. Protection was associated with HAI titers against an A(H1N1)pdm09 strain possessing the K166Q mutation but not with HAI titers against the current A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine strain, which lacks thi...
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases - December 4, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Petrie, J. G., Parkhouse, K., Ohmit, S. E., Malosh, R. E., Monto, A. S., Hensley, S. E. Tags: VIRUSES Source Type: research
Cross-immunity Against Avian Influenza A(H7N9) Virus in the Healthy Population Is Affected by Antigenicity-Dependent Substitutions
Conclusions. The impact of antigenicity-dependent substitutions on cross-reactivity of T-cell immunity against the novel influenza virus A(H7N9) in the healthy population benefits the understanding of immune evasion of influenza viruses and provides a useful reference for universal vaccine development. (Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases)
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases - December 4, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Liu, W. J., Tan, S., Zhao, M., Quan, C., Bi, Y., Wu, Y., Zhang, S., Zhang, H., Xiao, H., Qi, J., Yan, J., Liu, W., Yu, H., Shu, Y., Wu, G., Gao, G. F. Tags: VIRUSES Source Type: research
Differences in the Nasopharyngeal Microbiome During Acute Respiratory Tract Infection With Human Rhinovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Infancy
Respiratory viruses alter the nasopharyngeal microbiome and may be associated with a distinct microbial signature. To test this hypothesis, we compared the nasopharyngeal microbiome of 135 previously healthy infants with acute respiratory infection due to human rhinovirus (HRV; n = 52) or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; n = 83). The nasopharyngeal microbiome was assessed by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA. Respiratory viruses were identified by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. We found significant differences in the overall taxonomic composition and abundance of certain bact...
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases - December 4, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Rosas-Salazar, C., Shilts, M. H., Tovchigrechko, A., Schobel, S., Chappell, J. D., Larkin, E. K., Shankar, J., Yooseph, S., Nelson, K. E., Halpin, R. A., Moore, M. L., Anderson, L. J., Peebles, R. S., Das, S. R., Hartert, T. V. Tags: VIRUSES Source Type: research
Maternal Antibody Responses and Nonprimary Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection of HIV-1-Exposed Infants
Risk of congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) transmission is highly dependent on the presence of preexisting maternal immunity, with the lowest rates observed in CMV-seroimmune populations. Among infants of CMV-seroimmune women, those who are exposed to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased risk of acquiring cCMV infection as compared to HIV-unexposed infants. To better understand the risk factors of nonprimary cCMV transmission in HIV-infected women, we performed a case-control study in which CMV-specific plasma antibody responses from 19 CMV-transmitting and 57 CMV-nontransmitting women with chronic CMV/HIV c...
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases - December 4, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Bialas, K. M., Westreich, D., Cisneros de la Rosa, E., Nelson, C. S., Kauvar, L. M., Fu, T.-M., Permar, S. R. Tags: VIRUSES Source Type: research
CD4+ T Cells Coexpressing CD134 (OX40) Harbor Significantly Increased Levels of Human Herpesvirus 6B DNA Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation
Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) commonly reactivates after umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) and is associated with delayed engraftment, fever, rash, and central nervous system dysfunction. Recently, CD134 (OX40) has been implicated as a potential viral entry receptor. We evaluated CD4+CD134+/neg-lo and CD8+CD134+/neg-lo cells at day 28 after UCBT in 20 subjects with previously documented HHV-6 reactivation and persistent viremia. Analysis of CD4+CD134+ cells as compared to CD4+CD134neg-lo cells showed 0.308 versus 0.129 copies of HHV-6B/cell (P = .0002). CD8+CD134+/neg-lo cells contained little to no HHV-6B copies...
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases - December 4, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Pritchett, J. C., Green, J. S., Thomm, A. M., Knox, K. K., Verneris, M. R., Lund, T. C. Tags: VIRUSES Source Type: research
Immunogenicity of Varicella Vaccine and Immunologic Predictors of Response in a Cohort of Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Conclusions. The Oka/Merck varicella vaccine induces VZV immunity in elderly nursing home residents that is similar to that produced in community-dwelling seniors.
Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01328548. (Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases)
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases - December 4, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Lelic, A., Verschoor, C. P., Lau, V. W. C., Parsons, R., Evelegh, C., Bowdish, D. M., Bramson, J. L., Loeb, M. B. Tags: VIRUSES Source Type: research
Results of a Zika Virus (ZIKV) Immunoglobulin M-Specific Diagnostic Assay Are Highly Correlated With Detection of Neutralizing Anti-ZIKV Antibodies in Neonates With Congenital Disease
Conclusions. Among neonates, detection of ZIKV IgM in serum is confirmatory of congenital ZIKV infection, and detection of ZIKV IgM in CSF is confirmatory of neurologic infection. Therefore, we recommend testing for ZIKV IgM in neonates suspected of having congenital ZIKV infection and performance of PRNTs in equivocal cases. (Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases)
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases - December 4, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Cordeiro, M. T., Brito, C. A. A., Pena, L. J., Castanha, P. M. S., Gil, L. H. V. G., Lopes, K. G. S., Dhalia, R., Meneses, J. A., Ishigami, A. C., Mello, L. M., Alencar, L. X. E., Guarines, K. M., Rodrigues, L. C., Marques, E. T. A. Tags: VIRUSES Source Type: research
Type I Interferon is Pathogenic During Chronic Mycobacterium africanum Infection
Type I interferons (IFNs, including IFN-αβ) contribute to the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains that induce high IFN-αβ levels. In the current study we examined the role of IFN-αβ during infection with a Mycobacterium africanum strain that induces low IFN-β levels. We infected wild-type and IFN-αβ receptor knockout mice with M. africanum and monitored bacterial growth, lung disease, and survival over 292 days. We found reduced lung bacterial burdens and less severe histopathological findings in the absence of IFN-αβ signaling. We conclude that IFN...
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases - December 4, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Wiens, K. E., Ernst, J. D. Tags: PATHOGENESIS AND HOST RESPONSE Source Type: research
Identification of Chlamydia trachomatis Antigens Recognized by T Cells From Highly Exposed Women Who Limit or Resist Genital Tract Infection
Conclusions. Investigations in naturally exposed women reveal protective responses and identify chlamydial vaccine candidate antigens. (Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases)
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases - December 4, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Russell, A. N., Zheng, X., O'Connell, C. M., Wiesenfeld, H. C., Hillier, S. L., Taylor, B. D., Picard, M. D., Flechtner, J. B., Zhong, W., Frazer, L. C., Darville, T. Tags: PATHOGENESIS AND HOST RESPONSE Source Type: research
