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Contents
Prashant Nagpal and Sandeep Hedgire (Source: Radiologic Clinics of North America)
Source: Radiologic Clinics of North America - March 28, 2024 Category: Radiology Source Type: research

Forthcoming Issues
Breast Imaging Essentials (Source: Radiologic Clinics of North America)
Source: Radiologic Clinics of North America - March 28, 2024 Category: Radiology Source Type: research

Update on Rheumatic Diseases in Clinical Practice
Diagnostic imaging is essential in the diagnostic process of rheumatic diseases. Given the heterogeneity of this group of diseases and the tremendous impact of novel therapeutic options, guidelines and recommendations regarding the optimal choice of the most appropriate technique/s are continuously revised and radiologists should always be up-to-date. Last, because of the continuous technological innovations, we will assist to the progressive application of advanced techniques and tools in rheumatology. (Source: Radiologic Clinics of North America)
Source: Radiologic Clinics of North America - March 24, 2024 Category: Radiology Authors: Chiara Giraudo, Iwona Sudol-Szopinska, Giulia Fichera, Laura Evangelista, Elisabetta Zanatta, Filippo Del Grande, Roberto Stramare, Alberto Bazzocchi, Giuseppe Guglielmi, Winston Rennie Source Type: research

Imaging of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
MRI, ultrasound, and conventional radiography each play distinct roles in the evaluation of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), with MRI being the preferred imaging modality of choice for assessing both inflammatory and destructive changes. These various imaging modalities provide valuable insights into JIA in pediatric patients. However, challenges persist in terms of achieving precision, ensuring validity, and distinguishing between pathologic findings and normal anatomic variations. Establishing normal reference values and implementing scoring systems can aid in the precise evaluation of disease activity and provide in...
Source: Radiologic Clinics of North America - March 24, 2024 Category: Radiology Authors: Robert Hemke, Nele Herregods, Jacob L. Jaremko, Mario Maas Source Type: research

Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Applications in Rheumatology
Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) has emerged as a transformative tool in the past decade. Initially employed in gout within the field of rheumatology to distinguish and quantify monosodium urate crystals through its dual-material discrimination capability, DECT has since broadened its clinical applications. It now encompasses various rheumatic diseases, employing advanced techniques such as bone marrow edema assessment, iodine mapping, and collagen-specific imaging. This review article aims to examine the unique characteristics of DECT, discuss its strengths and limitations, illustrate its applications for accurately...
Source: Radiologic Clinics of North America - March 23, 2024 Category: Radiology Authors: Eun Hae Park, Thomas O ’Donnell, Jan Fritz Source Type: research

Artificial Intelligence for Breast Cancer Risk Assessment
Breast cancer risk prediction models based on common clinical risk factors are used to identify women eligible for high-risk screening and prevention. Unfortunately, these models have only modest discriminatory accuracy with disparities in performance in underrepresented race and ethnicity groups. The field of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning are rapidly advancing the field of breast cancer risk prediction with the development of mammography-based AI breast cancer risk models. Early studies suggest mammography-based AI risk models may perform better than traditional risk factor-based models with more equitabl...
Source: Radiologic Clinics of North America - March 21, 2024 Category: Radiology Authors: Kathryn P. Lowry, Case C. Zuiderveld Source Type: research

What is New in Osteoarthritis Imaging?
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading joint disorder globally, affecting a significant proportion of the population. Recent studies have changed our understanding of OA, viewing it as a complex pathology of the whole joint with a multifaceted etiology, encompassing genetic, biological, and biomechanical elements. This review highlights the role of imaging in diagnosing and monitoring OA. Today ’s role of radiography is discussed, while also elaborating on the advances in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, discussing semiquantitative methods, quantitative morphologic and compositional techniques, and giving ...
Source: Radiologic Clinics of North America - March 21, 2024 Category: Radiology Authors: Majid Chalian, Atefe Pooyan, Ehsan Alipour, Frank W. Roemer, Ali Guermazi Source Type: research

Whole-Body Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Rheumatology
This review focuses on the most frequent whole-body MRI applications in patients with rheumatological pathologies, for which this tool can be helpful to both radiologists and clinicians. It reports technical aspects of the acquisition of both 1.5 and 3.0 T scanners. The article lists the main findings that help radiologists during the evaluation of a specific pathology, both in the diagnostic phase and during follow-up. (Source: Radiologic Clinics of North America)
Source: Radiologic Clinics of North America - March 21, 2024 Category: Radiology Authors: Vito Chianca, Micha ł Lanckoroński, Marco Curti, Majid Chalian, Iwona Sudoł-Szopińska, Chiara Giraudo, Filippo Del Grande Source Type: research

High-Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography in Rheumatic Diseases
High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) provides a new opportunity for the noninvasive measurement of bone microarchitecture in patient research of rheumatic disease in joints of the extremities. Rheumatoid arthritis of the hand and osteoarthritis of the knee are highly prevalent and there are no cures, so an improved understanding of the etiology of these diseases, particularly when combining HR-pQCT with other imaging modalities, is important to develop new disease management strategies. Analysis of HR-pQCT data is challenging due to the large size of the datasets, but the field continues to...
Source: Radiologic Clinics of North America - March 21, 2024 Category: Radiology Authors: Steven K. Boyd Source Type: research

Contrast-enhanced Mammography versus MR Imaging of the Breast
Breast MR imaging and contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) are both techniques that employ intravenously injected contrast agent to assess breast lesions. This approach is associated with a very high sensitivity for malignant lesions that typically exhibit rapid enhancement due to the leakiness of neovasculature. CEM may be readily available at the breast imaging department and can be performed on the spot. Breast MR imaging provides stronger enhancement than the x-ray-based techniques and offers higher sensitivity. From a patient perspective, both modalities have their benefits and downsides; thus, patient preference could...
Source: Radiologic Clinics of North America - March 9, 2024 Category: Radiology Authors: Ritse M. Mann, Valentina Longo Source Type: research

Patient Communication Innovations in Breast Imaging
Effective patient communication is paramount in breast radiology, where standardized reporting and patient-centered care practices have long been established. This communication profoundly affects patient experience, well-being, and adherence to medical advice. Breast radiologists play a pivotal role in conveying diagnostic findings and addressing patient concerns, particularly in the context of cancer diagnoses. Technological advances in radiology reporting, patient access to electronic medical records, and the demand for immediate information access have reshaped radiologists ’ communication practices. Innovative appro...
Source: Radiologic Clinics of North America - March 8, 2024 Category: Radiology Authors: Shadi Aminololama-Shakeri, Kaitlin M. Ford Source Type: research

Nonsurgical Management of High-Risk Lesions
This article highlights the recent publications and changing trends in practice regarding management of high-risk lesions of the breast. Traditional management has always been a surgical operation but this is recognized as overtreatment. It is recognized that overdiagnosis is inevitable but what we can control is overtreatment. Vacuum-assisted excision is now established as an alternative technique to surgery for further sampling of these high-risk lesions in the United Kingdom. Guidelines from the United Kingdom and Europe now recognize this alternative pathway, and data are available showing that vacuum-assisted excision...
Source: Radiologic Clinics of North America - March 7, 2024 Category: Radiology Authors: Mariana Afonso Matias, Nisha Sharma Source Type: research

Breast Density
Breast density refers to the amount of fibroglandular tissue relative to fat on mammography and is determined either qualitatively through visual assessment or quantitatively. It is a heritable and dynamic trait associated with age, race/ethnicity, body mass index, and hormonal factors. Increased breast density has important clinical implications including the potential to mask malignancy and as an independent risk factor for the development of breast cancer. Breast density has been incorporated into breast cancer risk models. Given the impact of dense breasts on the interpretation of mammography, supplemental screening ma...
Source: Radiologic Clinics of North America - March 7, 2024 Category: Radiology Authors: Eric Kim, Alana A. Lewin Source Type: research

Fibrocystic Change
Fibrocystic changes are commonly seen in clinically symptomatic patients and during imaging workup of screening-detected findings. The term “fibrocystic changes” encompasses a broad spectrum of specific benign pathologic entities. Recognition of classically benign findings of fibrocystic changes, including cysts and layering calcifications, can prevent unnecessary follow-ups and biopsies. Imaging findings such as solid masses, nonla yering calcifications, and architectural distortion may require core needle biopsy for diagnosis. In these cases, understanding the varied appearances of fibrocystic change aids determinati...
Source: Radiologic Clinics of North America - March 7, 2024 Category: Radiology Authors: Debbie L. Bennett, Arianna Buckley, Michelle V. Lee Source Type: research

Non-contrast Breast MR Imaging
Considering the high cost of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging and various contraindications and health concerns related to administration of intravenous gadolinium-based contrast agents, there is emerging interest in non-contrast-enhanced breast MR imaging. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) is a fast, unenhanced technique that has wide clinical applications in breast cancer detection, characterization, prognosis, and predicting treatment response. It also has the potential to serve as a non-contrast MR imaging screening method. Standardized protocols and interpretation strategies can help to enhance the clinical util...
Source: Radiologic Clinics of North America - March 7, 2024 Category: Radiology Authors: Jin You Kim, Savannah C. Partridge Source Type: research