Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.

The calcium sensor, rather than the route of calcium entry, defines cerebellar plasticity pathways [Biological Sciences]
Schonewille et al. (1) show that genetic deletion of GluN1 N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) from cerebellar granule cells (GC-GluN1 ko), but not from Purkinje cells (PC-GluN1 ko), impairs long-term depression (LTD) at parallel fiber (PF) to PC synapses and vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) phase reversal. NMDARs are postsynaptically expressed at climbing fiber... (Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - February 22, 2022 Category: Science Authors: Claire Piochon, Carole Levenes, Heather K. Titley, Christian Hansel Tags: Letters, Neuroscience Source Type: research

In This Issue [This Week in PNAS]
APPLIED PHYSICAL SCIENCES CT gantry with grating interferometer for dark-field imaging of a phantom human chest. Human-scale dark-field computed tomography To produce 3D images of animal tissues, X-ray computed tomography (CT) infers contrast solely from differences in how X-rays are attenuated as they pass through tissues. Some wave aspects of... (Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - February 22, 2022 Category: Science Tags: In This Issue This Week in PNAS Source Type: research

Disentangling the last 1,000 years of human-environment interactions along the eastern side of the southern Andes (34-52{degrees}S lat.) [Environmental Sciences]
Researchers have long debated the degree to which Native American land use altered landscapes in the Americas prior to European colonization. Human–environment interactions in southern South America are inferred from new pollen and charcoal data from Laguna El Sosneado and their comparison with high-resolution paleoenvironmental records and archaeological/ethnohistorical information at... (Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - February 22, 2022 Category: Science Authors: William Nanavati, Cathy Whitlock, Maria Eugenia de Porras, Adolfo Gil, Diego Navarro, Gustavo Neme Tags: Environmental Sciences Biological Sciences Source Type: research

Leg length and bristle density, both necessary for water surface locomotion, are genetically correlated in water striders [Evolution]
Access to hitherto unexploited ecological opportunities is associated with phenotypic evolution and often results in significant lineage diversification. Yet our understanding of the mechanisms underlying such adaptive traits remains limited. Water striders have been able to exploit the water–air interface, primarily facilitated by changes in the density of hydrophobic bristles... (Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - February 22, 2022 Category: Science Authors: Cedric Finet, Amelie Decaras, Maria Rutkowska, Pascale Roux, Samuel Collaudin, Pauline Joncour, Severine Viala, Abderrahman Khila Tags: Evolution Biological Sciences Source Type: research

Kin selection for cooperation in natural bacterial populations [Evolution]
Bacteria produce a range of molecules that are secreted from the cell and can provide a benefit to the local population of cells. Laboratory experiments have suggested that these “public goods” molecules represent a form of cooperation, favored because they benefit closely related cells (kin selection). However, there is a... (Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - February 22, 2022 Category: Science Authors: Laurence J. Belcher, Anna E. Dewar, Melanie Ghoul, Stuart A. West Tags: Evolution Biological Sciences Source Type: research

Warming-induced tipping points of Arctic and alpine shrub recruitment [Ecology]
Shrub recruitment, a key component of vegetation dynamics beyond forests, is a highly sensitive indicator of climate and environmental change. Warming-induced tipping points in Arctic and alpine treeless ecosystems are, however, little understood. Here, we compare two long-term recruitment datasets of 2,770 shrubs from coastal East Greenland and from the... (Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - February 22, 2022 Category: Science Authors: Xiaoming Lu, Eryuan Liang, Flurin Babst, J. Julio Camarero, Ulf Buntgen Tags: Ecology, Brief Reports Biological Sciences Source Type: research

The major genetic risk factor for severe COVID-19 is associated with protection against HIV [Genetics]
There are genetic risk factors that influence the outcome of COVID-19 [COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, Nature 600, 472–477 (2021)]. The major genetic risk factor for severe COIVD-19 resides on chromosome 3 and is inherited from Neandertals [H. Zeberg, S. Pääbo, Nature 587, 610–612 (2020)]. The risk-associated DNA segment modulates the... (Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - February 22, 2022 Category: Science Authors: Hugo Zeberg Tags: Genetics, Brief Reports Biological Sciences Source Type: research

Bacteriophage protein Gp46 is a cross-species inhibitor of nucleoid-associated HU proteins [Microbiology]
The architectural protein histone-like protein from Escherichia coli strain U93 (HU) is the most abundant bacterial DNA binding protein and highly conserved among bacteria and Apicomplexan parasites. It not only binds to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) to maintain DNA stability but also, interacts with RNAs to regulate transcription and translation. Importantly,... (Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - February 22, 2022 Category: Science Authors: Peipei Zhang, Xiaohui Zhao, Yawen Wang, Ke Du, Zhihao Wang, Jianfeng Yu, Gang Chang, Steve Matthews, Hongliang Wang, Bing Liu Tags: Microbiology Biological Sciences Source Type: research

Isotopic filtering reveals high sensitivity of planktic calcifiers to Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum warming and acidification [Ecology]
Ocean warming and acidification driven by anthropogenic carbon emissions pose an existential threat to marine calcifying communities. A similar perturbation to global carbon cycling and ocean chemistry occurred ∼56 Ma during the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM), but microfossil records of the marine biotic response are distorted by sediment mixing. Here,... (Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - February 22, 2022 Category: Science Authors: Brittany N. Hupp, D. Clay Kelly, John W. Williams Tags: Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Ecology Physical Sciences Source Type: research

Current water quality guidelines across North America and Europe do not protect lakes from salinization [Ecology]
Human-induced salinization caused by the use of road deicing salts, agricultural practices, mining operations, and climate change is a major threat to the biodiversity and functioning of freshwater ecosystems. Yet, it is unclear if freshwater ecosystems are protected from salinization by current water quality guidelines. Leveraging an experimental network of... (Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - February 22, 2022 Category: Science Authors: William D. Hintz, Shelley E. Arnott, Celia C. Symons, Danielle A. Greco, Alexandra McClymont, Jennifer A. Brentrup, Miguel Canedo–Arguelles, Alison M. Derry, Amy L. Downing, Derek K. Gray, Stephanie J. Melles, Rick A. Relyea, James A. Rusak, Catheri Tags: Ecology Biological Sciences Source Type: research

The importance of race, gender, and religion in naturalization adjudication in the United States [Social Sciences]
This study presents an empirical investigation of naturalization adjudication in the United States using new administrative data on naturalization applications decided by the US Citizenship and Immigration Services between October 2014 and March 2018. We find significant group disparities in naturalization approvals based on applicants’ race/ethnicity, gender, and religion, controlling... (Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - February 22, 2022 Category: Science Authors: Emily Ryo, Reed Humphrey Tags: Social Sciences Source Type: research

Development of DG9 peptide-conjugated single- and multi-exon skipping therapies for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy [Medical Sciences]
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is primarily caused by out-of-frame deletions in the dystrophin gene. Exon skipping using phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs) converts out-of-frame to in-frame mutations, producing partially functional dystrophin. Four single-exon skipping PMOs are approved for DMD but treat only 8 to 14% of patients each, and some exhibit... (Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - February 22, 2022 Category: Science Authors: Kenji Rowel Q. Lim, Stanley Woo, Dyanna Melo, Yiqing Huang, Kasia Dzierlega, Md Nur Ahad Shah, Tejal Aslesh, Rohini Roy Roshmi, Yusuke Echigoya, Rika Maruyama, Hong M. Moulton, Toshifumi Yokota Tags: Medical Sciences Biological Sciences Source Type: research

Rodents monitor their error in self-generated duration on a single trial basis [Neuroscience]
A fundamental question in neuroscience is what type of internal representation leads to complex, adaptive behavior. When faced with a deadline, individuals’ behavior suggests that they represent the mean and the uncertainty of an internal timer to make near-optimal, time-dependent decisions. Whether this ability relies on simple trial-and-error adjustments or... (Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - February 22, 2022 Category: Science Authors: Tadeusz Władysław Kononowicz, Virginie van Wassenhove, Valerie Doyere Tags: Neuroscience, Psychological and Cognitive Sciences Social Sciences Source Type: research

Widespread use of National Academies consensus reports by the American public [Social Sciences]
In seeking to understand how to protect the public information sphere from corruption, researchers understandably focus on dysfunction. However, parts of the public information ecosystem function very well, and understanding this as well will help in protecting and developing existing strengths. Here, we address this gap, focusing on public engagement... (Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - February 22, 2022 Category: Science Authors: Diana Hicks, Matteo Zullo, Ameet Doshi, Omar I. Asensio Tags: Social Sciences Source Type: research

Hiring women into senior leadership positions is associated with a reduction in gender stereotypes in organizational language [Psychological and Cognitive Sciences]
Women continue to be underrepresented in leadership positions. This underrepresentation is at least partly driven by gender stereotypes that associate men, but not women, with achievement-oriented, agentic traits (e.g., assertive and decisive). These stereotypes are expressed and perpetuated in language, with women being described in less agentic terms than men.... (Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - February 22, 2022 Category: Science Authors: M. Asher Lawson, Ashley E. Martin, Imrul Huda, Sandra C. Matz Tags: Psychological and Cognitive Sciences Social Sciences Source Type: research