Infant feeding method and special educational need in 191,745 Scottish schoolchildren: A national, population cohort study
This study investigated relationships between infant feeding method and risk of all-cause and cause-specific SEN. Methods and findingsA population cohort of schoolchildren in Scotland was constructed by linking together health (maternity, birth, and health visitor records) and education (annual school pupil census) databases. Inclusion was restricted to singleton children, born in Scotland from 2004 onwards with available breastfeeding data and who attended local authority mainstream or special schools between 2009 and 2013. Generalised estimating equation models with a binomial distribution and logit link function investi...
Source: PLoS Medicine - April 6, 2023 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Lisa J. Adams Source Type: research

Impact of point-of-care ultrasound and routine third trimester ultrasound on undiagnosed breech presentation and perinatal outcomes: An observational multicentre cohort study
by Samantha Knights, Smriti Prasad, Erkan Kalafat, Anahita Dadali, Pam Sizer, Francoise Harlow, Asma Khalil BackgroundAccurate knowledge of fetal presentation at term is vital for optimal antenatal and intrapartum care. The primary objective was to compare the impact of routine third trimester ultrasound or point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) with standard antenatal care, on the incidence of overall and proportion of all term breech presentations that were undiagnosed at term, and on the related adverse perinatal outcomes. Methods and findingsThis was a retrospective multicentre cohort study where we included data from St. Ge...
Source: PLoS Medicine - April 6, 2023 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Samantha Knights Source Type: research

COVID-19 and mental health: Building back better or reimagining a new way forward?
by Mark Tomlinson, Marguerite Marlow In this Perspective, Mark Tomlinson and Marguerite Marlow argue that equitable improvements in mental health outcomes cannot be achieved without first dismantling colonial and paternalistic approaches to global mental health. (Source: PLoS Medicine)
Source: PLoS Medicine - April 6, 2023 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Mark Tomlinson Source Type: research

Long-term psychological distress trajectories and the COVID-19 pandemic in three British birth cohorts: A multi-cohort study
ConclusionsPre-existing long-term psychological distress trajectories of adults born between 1946 and 1970 were disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among women, who reached the highest levels ever recorded in up to 40 years of follow-up data. This may impact future trends of morbidity, disability, and mortality due to common mental health problems. (Source: PLoS Medicine)
Source: PLoS Medicine - April 4, 2023 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Dar ío Moreno-Agostino Source Type: research

Estimating health spending associated with chronic multimorbidity in 2018: An observational study among adults in the United States
ConclusionsWe consistently found chronic kidney disease and IHD to be associated with high spending per treated case, high observed prevalence, and contributing the most to spending when in combination with other chronic conditions. In the midst of a surging health spending globally, and especially in the US, pinpointing high-prevalence, high-spending conditions and disease combinations, as especially conditions that are associated with larger super-additive spending, could help policymakers, insurers, and providers prioritize and design interventions to improve treatment effectiveness and reduce spending. (Source: PLoS Medicine)
Source: PLoS Medicine - April 4, 2023 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Angela Y. Chang Source Type: research

The impact of varying the number and selection of conditions on estimated multimorbidity prevalence: A cross-sectional study using a large, primary care population dataset
by Clare MacRae, Megan McMinn, Stewart W. Mercer, David Henderson, David A. McAllister, Iris Ho, Emily Jefferson, Daniel R. Morales, Jane Lyons, Ronan A. Lyons, Chris Dibben, Bruce Guthrie BackgroundMultimorbidity prevalence rates vary considerably depending on the conditions considered in the morbidity count, but there is no standardised approach to the number or selection of conditions to include. Methods and findingsWe conducted a cross-sectional study using English primary care data for 1,168,260 participants who were all people alive and permanently registered with 149 included general practices. Outcome measures of t...
Source: PLoS Medicine - April 4, 2023 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Clare MacRae Source Type: research

Multimorbidity: Addressing the next global pandemic
by The PLOS Medicine Editors (Source: PLoS Medicine)
Source: PLoS Medicine - April 4, 2023 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: The PLOS Medicine Editors Source Type: research

Impact on alcohol selection and online purchasing of changing the proportion of available non-alcoholic versus alcoholic drinks: A randomised controlled trial
This study in an online retail context aimed to estimate the impact of increasing the proportion of non-alcoholic (relative to alcoholic) drinks, on selection and purchasing of alcohol. Methods and resultsAdults (n = 737) residing in England and Wales who regularly purchased alcohol online were recruited between March and July 2021. Participants were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: “25% non-alcoholic/75% alcoholic”; “50% non-alcoholic/50% alcoholic”; and “75% non-alcoholic/25% alcoholic,” then selected drinks in a simulated online supermarket, before purchasing them in an actual online supermarket. The pr...
Source: PLoS Medicine - March 30, 2023 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Natasha Clarke Source Type: research

Correction: Development and validation of a model for predicting incident type 2 diabetes using quantitative clinical data and a Bayesian logistic model: A nationwide cohort and modeling study
by Lua Wilkinson, Nengjun Yi, Tapan Mehta, Suzanne Judd, W. Timothy Garvey (Source: PLoS Medicine)
Source: PLoS Medicine - March 30, 2023 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Lua Wilkinson Source Type: research

Prevalence and natural history of depression after stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
ConclusionsIn this study, we observed that stroke survivors with early-onset depression (within 3 months after stroke) are at high risks for remaining depressed and make up two-thirds of the incident cases during 1 year after stroke. This highlights the need for ongoing clinical monitoring of patients depressed shortly after stroke. Trial RegistrationPROSPERO CRD42022314146. (Source: PLoS Medicine)
Source: PLoS Medicine - March 28, 2023 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Lu Liu Source Type: research

Educational and employment outcomes associated with childhood traumatic brain injury in Scotland: A population-based record-linkage cohort study
by Meghan J. Visnick, Jill P. Pell, Daniel F. Mackay, David Clark, Albert King, Michael Fleming BackgroundTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability among young children and adolescents and the effects can be lifelong and wide-reaching. Although there have been numerous studies to evaluate the impact of childhood head injury on educational outcomes, few large-scale studies have been conducted, and previous research has been limited by issues of attrition, methodological inconsistencies, and selection bias. We aim to compare the educational and employment outcomes of Scottish schoolchildren prev...
Source: PLoS Medicine - March 28, 2023 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Meghan J. Visnick Source Type: research

Demand creation for HIV testing services: A systematic review and meta-analysis
This study was funded by the WHO and registered in Prospero with ID CRD42022296947.We screened 10,583 records and 507 conference abstracts, reviewed 952 full texts, and included 124 RCTs for data extraction. The majority of studies were from the African (N = 53) and Americas (N = 54) regions. We found that mobilization (relative risk [RR]: 2.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.30, 3.09],p (Source: PLoS Medicine)
Source: PLoS Medicine - March 21, 2023 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Anjuli D. Wagner Source Type: research

Institutional dashboards on clinical trial transparency for University Medical Centers: A case study
ConclusionsIn this study, we observed that it is feasible to assess and inform individual UMCs on their performance on clinical trial transparency in a reproducible and publicly accessible way. Beyond helping institutions assess how they perform in relation to mandates or their institutional policy, the dashboard may inform interventions to increase the uptake of clinical transparency practices and serve to evaluate the impact of these interventions. (Source: PLoS Medicine)
Source: PLoS Medicine - March 21, 2023 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Delwen L. Franzen Source Type: research

Combined and progestagen-only hormonal contraceptives and breast cancer risk: A UK nested case –control study and meta-analysis
by Danielle Fitzpatrick, Kirstin Pirie, Gillian Reeves, Jane Green, Valerie Beral BackgroundCurrent or recent use of combined oral contraceptives (containing oestrogen+progestagen) has been associated with a small increase in breast cancer risk. Progestagen-only contraceptive use is increasing, but information on associated risks is limited. We aimed to assess breast cancer risk associated with current or recent use of different types of hormonal contraceptives in premenopausal women, with particular emphasis on progestagen-only preparations. Methods and findingsHormonal contraceptive prescriptions recorded prospectively i...
Source: PLoS Medicine - March 21, 2023 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Danielle Fitzpatrick Source Type: research

Correction: Discontinuation and tapering of prescribed opioids and risk of overdose among people on long-term opioid therapy for pain with and without opioid use disorder in British Columbia, Canada: A retrospective cohort study
by The PLOS Medicine Staff (Source: PLoS Medicine)
Source: PLoS Medicine - March 21, 2023 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: The PLOS Medicine Staff Source Type: research