Mitotic quiescence in hepatic cancer stem cells: An incognito mode
Hepatocellular carcinoma represents one of the most aggressive cancers with high recurrence rates. The high recurrence is a major problem in the management of this disease. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are often regarded as the basis of cancer recurrence. The anti-proliferative therapy kills the proliferating cells but induces mitotic quiescence in CSCs which remain as residual dormant CSCs. Later on, withdrawal of treatment reactivates the residual CSCs from dormancy to produce new cancer cells. The proliferation of these newly formed cancer cells initiates new tumor formation in the liver leading to tumor recurrence. HCC cel...
Source: Oncology Reviews - February 18, 2020 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: research
Evolving management of positive regional lymph nodes in melanoma: Past, present and future directions
Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy has become the standard of care for lymph node staging in melanoma and the most important predictor of survival in clinically node-negative disease. Previous guidelines recommend completion lymph node dissection (CLND) in cases of positive SLN; however, the lymph nodes recovered during CLND are only positive in a minority of these cases. Recent evidence suggests that conservative management (i.e. observation) has similar outcomes compared to CLND. We sought to review the most current literature regarding the management of SLN in metastatic melanoma and to discuss potential future directions...
Source: Oncology Reviews - November 28, 2019 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: research
Renal toxicity with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCT) was done to determine the relative risk (RR) of acute kidney injury (AKI) with the use of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors. Citations from PubMed/Medline, clinical trials.gov, package inserts and abstracts from major conferences were reviewed to include RCTs comparing arms with or without mTOR inhibitors. The RR of all grade AKI in patients taking mTOR inhibitors compared to patients not on mTOR inhibitors was 1.55 (95% CI: 1.11 to 2.16, P=0.010). There was no significant difference in the risk of high-grade AKI for the two groups (RR=1.29, P=0.118, 95% CI:...
Source: Oncology Reviews - November 25, 2019 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: research
Efficacy and safety profiles of programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death ligand-1 inhibitors in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer: a comprehensive systematic review
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with worse prognosis, with limited treatment regiments available and higher mortality rate. Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) showed great potentials in treating malignancies and may serve as potential therapies for TNBC. This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety profiles of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in the treatment of TNBC. Literature search was performed via PubMed, EBSCOhost, Scopus, and CENTRAL databases, selecting studies which evaluated the use of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 for TNBC...
Source: Oncology Reviews - October 10, 2019 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: research
Potential effect of probiotics in the treatment of breast cancer
Breast cancer is one of the most important causes of cancerrelated morbidity and mortality in the world. Probiotics, as functional food, have the potential to act against breast cancer, as evidenced by cell-based and animal model experiments. Probiotic may be useful in prevention or treatment of breast cancer by modulating the gastrointestinal bacteria and the systemic immune system. However, large-scale clinical trials and intensive research are mandatory to confirm thein vitroand in vivo results and exploring the probiotics-related metabolic, immune, and molecular mechanisms in breast cancer. This current review summariz...
Source: Oncology Reviews - September 27, 2019 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: research
Therapeutic options for ampullary carcinomas. A review
Ampullary Carcinoma arises from a histologically heterogeneous region where three different epithelia converge. Even though Ampullary Carcinoma has a superior prognosis compared to pancreatic and biliary ductal neoplasms, at least half of the patients turn up at an advanced stage that limits the treatment prospects. In addition to surgery for early-stage disease, several studies have shown that chemoradiotherapy confers additional benefits in the management of Ampullary Carcinoma. Analogously, chemotherapy plays a crucial role in treating advanced Ampullary Carcinoma with distant metastasis/recurrences. Although, stage of ...
Source: Oncology Reviews - September 10, 2019 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: research
Omics-based insights into therapy failure of pediatric B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia
B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is the most common type of cancer seen in children and is characterized by a variable clinical course. Although there have been remarkable improvements in the therapy outcomes of pediatric B-ALL, treatment failure remains the leading-cause of death in 18% of the afflicted patients during the first 5 years after diagnosis. Molecular heterogeneities of pediatric B-ALL play important roles as determinants of the therapy response. Therefore, many of these molecular abnormalities have an established prognostic value in the disease. The present review discusses the omics-based revel...
Source: Oncology Reviews - September 10, 2019 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: research
Recent trends in predictive biomarkers for determining malignant potential of oral potentially malignant disorders
Despite of the tremendous advancements in the field of cancer prevention, detection and treatment, the overall prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) still remains poor. This can be partly imparted to the lack of early detection of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), especially those at a higher risk of progression into OSCC. Over years, various specific and non-specific markers have been introduced that could predict the malignant transformation of OPMDs; however detail information on these OPMD markers in a concise manner is lacking. Moreover, their use on daily clinical basis still remains questionab...
Source: Oncology Reviews - September 10, 2019 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: research
Genomics meets immunity in pancreatic cancer: Current research and future directions for pancreatic adenocarcinoma immunotherapy
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a formidable disease that needs improved therapeutic strategies. Even though immunotherapy has revolutionized treatment for various solid tumor types, it remains largely ineffective in treating individuals with PDAC. This review describes how the application of genome-wide analysis is revitalizing the field of PDAC immunotherapy. Major themes include new insights into the body ’s immune response to the cancer, and key immunosuppressive elements that blunt that antitumor immunity. In particular, new evidence indicates that T cell-based antitumor immunity against PDAC is more common...
Source: Oncology Reviews - August 1, 2019 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: research
CDK4/6 inhibitors in advanced breast cancer, what is beyond?
Resistant to hormonal treatment considered the main clinical challenge in the management of advanced breast cancer (ABC). The use of CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6I) may change the treatment landscape. In this mandated review, we will focus on the applicable role of CDK4/6I in the management of HR+/HER2- ABC, mechanisms of resistance, and promising future implementation. (Source: Oncology Reviews)
Source: Oncology Reviews - July 29, 2019 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: research
Current promising treatment strategy for glioblastoma multiform: A review
Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is a heterogeneous group of primary neoplasm resistant to conventional therapies. Due to their infiltrative nature it not fully isolated by aggressive surgery, radiation and chemotherapy showing poor prognosis in glioma patients. Unfortunately, diagnosed patients die within 1.5-2 year treatment schedule. Currently temozolomide (TMZ) is the first choice for the prognosis of GBM patients. TMZ metabolites methyl triazen imidazol carboxamide form complex with alkyl guanine alkyl transferase (O6 MGMT- DNA repair protein) induced DNA damage following resistance properties of TMZ and inhibit the overa...
Source: Oncology Reviews - July 25, 2019 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: research
Epigenetic modification in the expression of p73 p73 - epigenetic target for anticancer therapy
A p73 is a new member of p53 family of transcription factor, having two types. First is TAp73, transcriptionally active and expressedvia upstream promoter as a tumor suppressor and vital apoptotic inductor, it also has a key role in cell cycle arrest/differentiation and Second is ΔNp73 that is transcriptionally inactive and expressed via downstream regulator as oncogenes. Both types are expressed in various isoforms, which originate from alternative splicing events at the C-terminus. Upon DNA damage, posttranslational modifications cause conformational changes in various am ino acid residues via induction or inhibition of...
Source: Oncology Reviews - July 24, 2019 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: research
MCT4 has a potential to be used as a prognostic biomarker - a systematic review and meta-analysis
The role of several metabolic changes, such as hypoxia and acidosis, in the tumour environment has caught the attention of researchers in cancer progression and invasion. Lactate transport is one of the acidosis-enhancing processes that are mediatedvia monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the expression of two cancer-relevant MCTs (MCT1 and MCT4) and their potential prognostic significance in patients with metastasis of different types of cancer. Studies were included if they reported the number of metastatic tissue samples expressing either low or high leve...
Source: Oncology Reviews - July 22, 2019 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: research
Prognostic significance of mutated genes in megakaryocytic disorders
This study was conducted to investigate the oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes as well as their mutations during the megakaryopoiesis process, which can lead to megakaryocytic disorders. Relevant literature was identified by a PubMed search (1998-2019) of English language papers using the terms ‘Megakaryopoiesis ’, ‘Mutation’, ‘oncogenes’,and‘Tumor Suppressor’. According to investigations, several mutations occur in the genes implicated in megakaryopoiesis, which abnormally induce or inhibit megakaryocyte production, differentiation, and maturation, leading to platelet disorders. GATA-1 is one of the impo...
Source: Oncology Reviews - July 22, 2019 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: research
Adherence to oral pharmacological treatment in cancer patients: Systematic review
The objective was to identify the best-validated scale for assessing oral pharmacological adherence in oncology patients. A bibliographic search was performed in MEDLINE via Ovid, EMBASE, CENTRAL and LILACS. We included all studies in which a validation of adherence scales to oral pharmacological treatment was performed in oncology patients older than 18 years without gender distinction. We excluded studies that included newly diagnosed patients. No statistical analysis was performed due to the nature of the study. A total of 4609 studies were found. After screening, six studies were selected for qualitative analysis. In t...
Source: Oncology Reviews - April 16, 2019 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: research
