Neuronomodulation of Excitable Neurons
AbstractNeuronomodulation refers to the modulation of neural conduction and synaptic transmission (i.e., the conduction process involved in synaptic transmission) of excitable neuronsvia changes in the membrane potential in response to chemical substances, from spillover neurotransmitters to paracrine or endocrine hormones circulating in the blood. Neuronomodulation can be direct or indirect, depending on the transduction pathways from the ligand binding site to the ion pore, either on the same molecule, i.e. the ion channel, or through an intermediate step on different molecules. The major players in direct neuronomodulat...
Source: Neuroscience Bulletin - August 16, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation Attenuates Cognitive Deficits and Alzheimer ’s Disease-Type Pathologies via ISCA1-Mediated Mitochondrial Modulation in APP/PS1 Mice
AbstractIntermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), a time-saving and cost-effective repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation regime, has been shown to improve cognition in patients with Alzheimer ’s disease (AD). However, the specific mechanism underlying iTBS-induced cognitive enhancement remains unknown. Previous studies suggested that mitochondrial functions are modulated by magnetic stimulation. Here, we showed that iTBS upregulates the expression of iron-sulfur cluster assembly 1 (ISC A1, an essential regulatory factor for mitochondrial respiration) in the brain of APP/PS1 mice.In vivo andin vitro studies reve...
Source: Neuroscience Bulletin - August 14, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Distributions of Visual Receptive Fields from Retinotopic to Craniotopic Coordinates in the lateral intraparietal and frontal eye field of the Macaque
AbstractEven though retinal images of objects change their locations following each eye movement, we perceive a stable and continuous world. One possible mechanism by which the brain achieves such visual stability is to construct a craniotopic coordinate by integrating retinal and extraretinal information. There have been several proposals on how this may be done, including eye-position modulation (gain fields) of retinotopic receptive fields (RFs) and craniotopic RFs. In the present study, we investigated coordinate systems used by RFs in the lateral intraparietal (LIP) cortex and frontal eye fields (FEF) and compared the...
Source: Neuroscience Bulletin - August 13, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
A Comprehensive Overview of the Neural Mechanisms of Light Therapy
AbstractLight is a powerful environmental factor influencing diverse brain functions. Clinical evidence supports the beneficial effect of light therapy on several diseases, including depression, cognitive dysfunction, chronic pain, and sleep disorders. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the effects of light therapy are still not well understood. In this review, we critically evaluate current clinical evidence showing the beneficial effects of light therapy on diseases. In addition, we introduce the research progress regarding the neural circuit mechanisms underlying the modulatory effects of light on brain function...
Source: Neuroscience Bulletin - August 9, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
The Anterior Insula and its Projection to the Prelimbic Cortex are Involved in the Regulation of 5-HT-Induced Itch
AbstractItch is an unpleasant sensation that urges people and animals to scratch. Neuroimaging studies on itch have yielded extensive correlations with diverse cortical and subcortical regions, including the insular lobe. However, the role and functional specificity of the insular cortex (IC) and its subdivisions in itch mediation remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and fiber photometry tests, that neurons in both the anterior insular cortex (AIC) and the posterior insular cortex (PIC) are activated during acute itch processes. Pharmacogenetic experiments revealed that nonselective inhibition of ...
Source: Neuroscience Bulletin - August 8, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Spatial Distribution of Parvalbumin-Positive Fibers in the Mouse Brain and Their Alterations in Mouse Models of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Parkinson ’s Disease
AbstractParvalbumin interneurons belong to the major types of GABAergic interneurons. Although the distribution and pathological alterations of parvalbumin interneuron somata have been widely studied, the distribution and vulnerability of the neurites and fibers extending from parvalbumin interneurons have not been detailly interrogated. Through the Cre recombinase-reporter system, we visualized parvalbumin-positive fibers and thoroughly investigated their spatial distribution in the mouse brain. We found that parvalbumin fibers are widely distributed in the brain with specific morphological characteristics in different re...
Source: Neuroscience Bulletin - July 31, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
TREM-2 Drives Development of Multiple Sclerosis by Promoting Pathogenic Th17 Polarization
In conclusion, TREM-2 is a key regulator of pathogenic Th17 in EAE mice, and this sheds new light on the potential of this therapeutic target for MS. (Source: Neuroscience Bulletin)
Source: Neuroscience Bulletin - July 27, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Brain Mechanisms Underlying Panic Attack and Panic Disorder
AbstractPanic disorder is a psychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks, with a prevalence of ~ 4% in the general population, causing heavy personal and socioeconomic burdens. The similarities of animal defense responses to clinical panic attack symptoms in humans make it possible to translate neuroanatomical pathways identified in animal studies to panic disorder in humans. Therefore, in t his review we first present a basic overview of panic disorder in humans including the main subtypes, models commonly used to trigger panic attacks, related hypotheses, the neurotransmitter systems that may be invol...
Source: Neuroscience Bulletin - July 21, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
CXCR5 Regulates Neuronal Polarity Development and Migration in the Embryonic Stage via F-Actin Homeostasis and Results in Epilepsy-Related Behavior
AbstractEpilepsy is a common, chronic neurological disorder that has been associated with impaired neurodevelopment and immunity. The chemokine receptorCXCR5 is involved in seizuresvia an unknown mechanism. Here, we first determined the expression pattern and distribution of theCXCR5 gene in the mouse brain during different stages of development and the brain tissue of patients with epilepsy. Subsequently, we found that the knockdown ofCXCR5 increased the susceptibility of mice to pentylenetetrazol- and kainic acid-induced seizures, whereasCXCR5 overexpression had the opposite effect.CXCR5 knockdown in mouse embryosvia vir...
Source: Neuroscience Bulletin - July 17, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Enterochromaffin Cell: Friend or Foe for Human Health?
(Source: Neuroscience Bulletin)
Source: Neuroscience Bulletin - July 17, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Ventral Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons Encode Nociceptive Information
AbstractAs a main structure of the limbic system, the hippocampus plays a critical role in pain perception and chronicity. The ventral hippocampal CA1 (vCA1) is closely associated with negative emotions such as anxiety, stress, and fear, yet how vCA1 neurons encode nociceptive information remains unclear. Usingin vivo electrophysiological recording, we characterized vCA1 pyramidal neuron subpopulations that exhibited inhibitory or excitatory responses to plantar stimuli and were implicated in encoding stimuli modalities in na ïve rats. Functional heterogeneity of the vCA1 pyramidal neurons was further identified in neurop...
Source: Neuroscience Bulletin - July 13, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
A Novel Retrograde AAV Variant for Functional Manipulation of Cortical Projection Neurons in Mice and Monkeys
AbstractRetrograde adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are capable of infecting the axons of projection neurons and serve as a powerful tool for the anatomical and functional characterization of neural networks. However, few retrograde AAV capsids have been shown to offer access to cortical projection neurons across different species and enable the manipulation of neural function in non-human primates (NHPs). Here, we report the development of a novel retrograde AAV capsid, AAV-DJ8R, which efficiently labeled cortical projection neurons after local administration into the striatum of mice and macaques. In addition, intrastriat...
Source: Neuroscience Bulletin - July 11, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Hypothalamic-Modified New Hippocampal Neurons for Alzheimer ’s Disease
(Source: Neuroscience Bulletin)
Source: Neuroscience Bulletin - July 6, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Genetic Architecture and Functional Implications of the CSF-Contacting Nucleus
This study aims to understand its gene architecture and preliminarily suggest its functions. The results showed that there were about 19,666 genes in this nucleus, of which 913 were distinct from the dorsal raphe nucleus (non-CSF contacting). The top 40 highly-expressed genes are mainly related to energy metabolism, protein synthesis, transport, secretion, and hydrolysis. The main neurotransmitter is 5-HT. The receptors of 5-HT and GABA are abundant. The channels for Cl–, Na+, K+, and Ca2+ are routinely expressed. The signaling molecules associated with the CaMK, JAK, and MAPK pathways were identified accurately. In part...
Source: Neuroscience Bulletin - July 5, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
Mitochondrial Regulation of Macrophages in Innate Immunity and Diverse Roles of Macrophages During Cochlear Inflammation
AbstractMacrophages are essential components of the innate immune system and constitute a non-specific first line of host defense against pathogens and inflammation. Mitochondria regulate macrophage activation and innate immune responses in various inflammatory diseases, including cochlear inflammation. The distribution, number, and morphological characteristics of cochlear macrophages change significantly across different inner ear regions under various pathological conditions, including noise exposure, ototoxicity, and age-related degeneration. However, the exact mechanism underlying the role of mitochondria in macrophag...
Source: Neuroscience Bulletin - June 30, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research
