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Diagnosis and Management of Opsoclonus-Myoclonus-Ataxia Syndrome in Children: An International Perspective
This report proposes an approach to investigation and treatment of children presenting with OMAS, based on expert international opinion recognizing the limited data available. (Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation)
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - March 8, 2022 Category: Neurology Authors: Rossor, T., Yeh, E. A., Khakoo, Y., Angelini, P., Hemingway, C., Irani, S. R., Schleiermacher, G., Santosh, P., Lotze, T., Dale, R. C., Deiva, K., Hero, B., Klein, A., de Alarcon, P., Gorman, M. P., Mitchell, W. G., Lim, M., on behalf of the OMS Study Gro Tags: All Immunology, Autoimmune diseases, Paraneoplastic syndrome, All Pediatric Views [amp ] Reviews Source Type: research

Baseline Microglial Activation Correlates With Brain Amyloidosis and Longitudinal Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer Disease
This study aims to quantify microglial activation in individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD) using the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) PET imaging in the hippocampus and precuneus, the 2 AD-vulnerable regions, and to evaluate the association of baseline neuroinflammation with amyloidosis, tau, and longitudinal cognitive decline. Methods Twenty-four participants from the Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center (Knight ADRC) were enrolled and classified into stable cognitively normal, progressor, and symptomatic AD groups based on clinical dementia rating (CDR) at 2 or more clinical assessments. The baseline TSPO radiot...
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - March 8, 2022 Category: Neurology Authors: Wang, Q., Chen, G., Schindler, S. E., Christensen, J., McKay, N. S., Liu, J., Wang, S., Sun, Z., Hassenstab, J., Su, Y., Flores, S., Hornbeck, R., Cash, L., Cruchaga, C., Fagan, A. M., Tu, Z., Morris, J. C., Mintun, M. A., Wang, Y., Benzinger, T. L. S. Tags: MRI, PET, Alzheimer's disease, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Class II Article Source Type: research

Analysis of CSF D-Dimer to Identify Intrathecal Fibrin-Driven Autoimmunity in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis
This study provides Class I evidence that CSF D-dimer levels are elevated in patients with RRMS. (Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation)
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - March 8, 2022 Category: Neurology Authors: Schaller-Paule, M. A., Yalachkov, Y., Steinmetz, H., Friedauer, L., Hattingen, E., Miesbach, W., Weber, F., Kirchmayr, K., Schaefer, J. H., Foerch, C. Tags: Autoimmune diseases, Class II, Multiple sclerosis, Devic's syndrome Research Article Source Type: research

Plasma Biomarkers of Neuropathogenesis in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 and Those With Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Discussion pNfL, pGFAP, and pN Ag measurements indicate neuronal dysfunction and systemic involvement in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with encephalopathy. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 N Ag in blood 3 weeks after symptoms onset in a nonhospitalized patient suggests that prolonged antigenic stimulation, or possibly latent infection, may occur. Anxiety was associated with evidence of astroglial activation in patients with neuro-PASC. These data shed new light on SARS-Cov-2 neuropathogenesis and demonstrate the value of plasma biomarkers across the COVID-19 disease spectrum. (Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation)
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - March 7, 2022 Category: Neurology Authors: Hanson, B. A., Visvabharathy, L., Ali, S. T., Kang, A. K., Patel, T. R., Clark, J. R., Lim, P. H., Orban, Z. S., Hwang, S. S., Mattoon, D., Batra, A., Liotta, E. M., Koralnik, I. J. Tags: COVID-19 Research Article Source Type: research

Long-term Effect of Permanent Demyelination on Axonal Survival in Multiple Sclerosis
Discussion Our study provides clear in vivo evidence that chronic demyelination significantly accelerates axonal loss. However, because this process is slow and its effect is mild, long-term monitoring is required to establish and confidently measure the neurodegenerative consequences of demyelination. (Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation)
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - March 3, 2022 Category: Neurology Authors: Klistorner, A., Klistorner, S., You, Y., Graham, S. L., Yiannikas, C., Parratt, J., Barnett, M. Tags: Optic nerve, Evoked Potentials/Visual, Multiple sclerosis, Optic neuritis; see Neuro-ophthalmology/Optic Nerve Article Source Type: research

Neurofilament Light Chain Levels in Multiple Sclerosis Correlate With Lesions Containing Foamy Macrophages and With Acute Axonal Damage
Discussion Our results demonstrated that active and mixed white matter MS lesions with foamy microglia show high acute axonal damage and correlate with elevated CSF NfL levels. Our data support the use of this biomarker to monitor inflammatory demyelinating lesion activity with axonal damage in MS. (Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation)
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - March 3, 2022 Category: Neurology Authors: van den Bosch, A., Fransen, N., Mason, M., Rozemuller, A. J., Teunissen, C., Smolders, J., Huitinga, I. Tags: Multiple sclerosis Research Article Source Type: research

Peripheral Neuropathy Evaluations of Patients With Prolonged Long COVID
Discussion Among evaluated patients with long COVID, prolonged, often disabling, small-fiber neuropathy after mild SARS-CoV-2 was most common, beginning within 1 month of COVID-19 onset. Various evidence suggested infection-triggered immune dysregulation as a common mechanism. (Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation)
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - March 1, 2022 Category: Neurology Authors: Oaklander, A. L., Mills, A. J., Kelley, M., Toran, L. S., Smith, B., Dalakas, M. C., Nath, A. Tags: Post-infectious, Peripheral neuropathy, EMG, COVID-19 Clinical/Scientific Note Source Type: research

Choroid Plexus Volume in Multiple Sclerosis vs Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: A Retrospective, Cross-sectional Analysis
This study supports an involvement of the choroid plexus in MS in contrast to NMOSD and provides clues to better understand the respective pathogenesis. (Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation)
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - February 25, 2022 Category: Neurology Authors: Müller, J., Sinnecker, T., Wendebourg, M. J., Schläger, R., Kuhle, J., Schädelin, S., Benkert, P., Derfuss, T., Cattin, P., Jud, C., Spiess, F., Amann, M., Lincke, T., Barakovic, M., Cagol, A., Tsagkas, C., Parmar, K., Pröb Tags: MRI, Multiple sclerosis, Devic's syndrome Article Source Type: research

Cell-Free DNA Derived From Neutrophils Triggers Type 1 Interferon Signature in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder
Discussion Our study highlights the previously unrevealed role of cfDNA predominantly released by neutrophil in the induction of IFN-1 signature in NMOSD and further indicate a novel pharmacologic target in NMOSD. (Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation)
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - February 24, 2022 Category: Neurology Authors: Murata, H., Kinoshita, M., Yasumizu, Y., Motooka, D., Beppu, S., Shiraishi, N., Sugiyama, Y., Kihara, K., Tada, S., Koda, T., Konaka, H., Takamatsu, H., Kumanogoh, A., Okuno, T., Mochizuki, H. Tags: Autoimmune diseases, Devic's syndrome, Optic neuritis; see Neuro-ophthalmology/Optic Nerve Article Source Type: research

Efficacy and Safety of Masitinib in Progressive Forms of Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized, Phase 3, Clinical Trial
This study provides Class II evidence that masitinib 4.5 mg/kg/d decreased progression of disability, measured by the EDSS, in adults with PPMS or patients with nSPMS (with no exacerbations in the last 2 years). (Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation)
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - February 21, 2022 Category: Neurology Authors: Vermersch, P., Brieva-Ruiz, L., Fox, R. J., Paul, F., Ramio-Torrenta, L., Schwab, M., Moussy, A., Mansfield, C., Hermine, O., Maciejowski, M., on behalf of the AB07002 Study Group, on behalf of the AB07002 Study Group Tags: Clinical trials Randomized controlled (CONSORT agreement), Class II, Multiple sclerosis Article Source Type: research

Is HIV Brain Disease Preventable?
(Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation)
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - February 9, 2022 Category: Neurology Authors: Brew, B. J. Tags: MRI, PET, HIV, HIV dementia Editorial Source Type: research

Multimodal Investigation of Neuroinflammation in Aviremic Patients With HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy and HIV Elite Controllers
This study casts a new light onto the role of neuroinflammation and related microstructural alterations of HIV infection in the CNS and shows that ECs suppress neuroinflammation more effectively than PWH on therapy. (Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation)
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - February 9, 2022 Category: Neurology Authors: Sari, H., Galbusera, R., Bonnier, G., Lin, Y., Alshelh, Z., Torrado-Carvajal, A., Mukerji, S. S., Ratai, E. M., Gandhi, R. T., Chu, J. T., Akeju, O., Orhurhu, V., Salvatore, A. N., Sherman, J., Kwon, D. S., Walker, B., Rosen, B., Price, J. C., Pollak, L. Tags: MRI, PET, HIV Article Source Type: research

Human Leukocyte Antigen Association Study Reveals DRB1*04:02 Effects Additional to DRB1*07:01 in Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis
Discussion In addition to the established primary DRB1*07:01 association in anti-LGI1 encephalitis, we observe a secondary effect of DRB1*04:02 with lower age at onset. Our study provides evidence for secondary effects within HLA locus that correlate with clinical phenotypes in anti-LGI1 encephalitis. (Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation)
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - February 3, 2022 Category: Neurology Authors: Peris Sempere, V., Muniz-Castrillo, S., Ambati, A., Binks, S., Pinto, A.-L., Rogemond, V., Pittock, S. J., Dubey, D., Geschwind, M. D., Gelfand, J. M., Dilwali, S., Lee, S.-T., Knight, J., Elliott, K. S., Irani, S., Honnorat, J., Mignot, E. Tags: Article Source Type: research

Humoral and Cellular Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Convalescent COVID-19 Patients With Multiple Sclerosis
The objectives of this study were to investigate factors influencing humoral and cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 and its persistence in convalescent COVID-19 PwMS. Methods This is a retrospective study of confirmed COVID-19 convalescent PwMS identified between February 2020 and May 2021 by SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing. We examined relationships between demographics, MS characteristics, disease-modifying therapy (DMT), and humoral (immunoglobulin G against spike and nucleocapsid proteins) and cellular (interferon-gamma [IFN-]) responses to SARS-CoV-2. Results A total of 121 (83.45%) of 145 PwMS were seropositive, and 25/4...
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - February 1, 2022 Category: Neurology Authors: Zabalza, A., Arrambide, G., Tagliani, P., Cardenas-Robledo, S., Otero-Romero, S., Esperalba, J., Fernandez-Naval, C., Trocoli Campuzano, J., Martinez Gallo, M., Castillo, M., Bonastre, M., Resina Salles, M., Beltran, J., Carbonell-Mirabent, P., Rodriguez- Tags: Article Source Type: research

Baicalin Promotes CNS Remyelination via PPAR{gamma} Signal Pathway
Discussion Our work demonstrated that BA promotes myelin production and regeneration by activating the PPAR signal pathway and also confirmed that BA is an effective natural product for the treatment of demyelinating diseases. (Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation)
Source: Neurology Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation - February 1, 2022 Category: Neurology Authors: Ai, R.-S., Xing, K., Deng, X., Han, J.-J., Hao, D.-X., Qi, W.-H., Han, B., Yang, Y.-N., Li, X., Zhang, Y. Tags: All Demyelinating disease (CNS) Article Source Type: research