Cerebrovascular Reactivity and Concussion
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) reflects the change in cerebral blood flow in response to vasodilatory stimuli enabling assessment of the health of the cerebral vasculature. Recent advances in the quantitative delivery of CO2 stimuli with computer-controlled sequential gas delivery have enabled mapping of the speed and magnitude of response to flow stimuli. These CVR advances when applied to patients with acute concussion have unexpectedly shown faster speed and greater magnitude of responses unseen in other diseases that typically show the opposite effects. The strength of the CVR alterations have diagnostic potential in...
Source: Neuroimaging Clinics - February 25, 2023 Category: Radiology Authors: Erin T. Wong, Anish Kapadia, Venkatagiri Krishnamurthy, David J. Mikulis Source Type: research
MR Imaging and Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when an injury disrupts the normal function of the brain.1 There were more than 233,000 hospitalizations in 2019 and 64,000 deaths in 2020 in the United States as a result of TBI.2 Globally, TBI is estimated to cost $400 billion annually.3 TBI incurs major health care costs in both acute, subacute, and chronic stages. In addition to direct and indirect costs of medical care related to long-term complications, TBI has major socioeconomic impacts in terms of lost productivity and quality of life. (Source: Neuroimaging Clinics)
Source: Neuroimaging Clinics - February 25, 2023 Category: Radiology Authors: Pejman Jabehdar Maralani, Sean Symons Tags: Preface Source Type: research
MR Imaging and Brain Trauma
Drs Pejman Maralani and Sean Symons eloquently and accurately describe in their Preface the substantial socioeconomic impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Our understanding of the biologic basis of TBI is evolving, and the initial diagnostic modalities, such as computed tomography, have been augmented by techniques that measure functional and metabolic alterations resulting from the traumatic injury. The individual and socioeconomic sequelae of TBI have also raised concerns about the involvement of the medicolegal community and the need to ensure we have proper health care resources to improve TBI prognosis. (Source: Neuroimaging Clinics)
Source: Neuroimaging Clinics - February 25, 2023 Category: Radiology Authors: Suresh K. Mukherji Tags: Foreword Source Type: research
Imaging of Abusive Head Trauma in Children
In this article, we describe relevant anatomy, mechanisms of injury, and imaging findings of abusive head trauma (AHT). We also briefly address certain mimics of AHT, controversies, pearls, and pitfalls. Concepts of injury, its evolution, and complex nature of certain cases are highlighted with the help of case vignettes. (Source: Neuroimaging Clinics)
Source: Neuroimaging Clinics - February 21, 2023 Category: Radiology Authors: Asthik Biswas, Pradeep Krishnan, Ibrahem Albalkhi, Kshitij Mankad, Manohar Shroff Source Type: research
Conventional MR Imaging in Trauma Management in Pediatrics
This article outlines the current use of conventional MR imaging in the management of pediatric head trauma and discusses potential future recommendations. (Source: Neuroimaging Clinics)
Source: Neuroimaging Clinics - February 18, 2023 Category: Radiology Authors: Helen M. Branson, Claudia Martinez-Rios Source Type: research
Imaging Approach to Concussion
The acute and long-term neurobiological sequelae of concussion (mild traumatic brain injury [mTBI]) and sub-concussive head trauma have become increasingly apparent in recent decades in part due to neuroimaging research. Although imaging has an established role in the clinical management of mTBI for the identification of intracranial lesions warranting urgent interventions, MR imaging is increasingly employed for the detection of post-traumatic sequelae which carry important prognostic significance. As neuroimaging research continues to elucidate the pathophysiology of TBI underlying prolonged recovery and the development ...
Source: Neuroimaging Clinics - February 18, 2023 Category: Radiology Authors: Jeffrey B. Ware, Danielle K. Sandsmark Source Type: research
Conventional MR Imaging in Trauma Management in Adults
MR imaging has been shown to have higher sensitivity than computed tomography (CT) for traumatic intracranial soft tissue injuries as well as most cases of intracranial hemorrhage, thus making it a significant adjunct to CT in the management of traumatic brain injury, mostly in the subacute to chronic phase, but may also be of use in the acute phase, when there are persistent neurologic symptoms unexplained by prior imaging. (Source: Neuroimaging Clinics)
Source: Neuroimaging Clinics - February 9, 2023 Category: Radiology Authors: Ange Diouf, Matylda Machnowska Source Type: research
Clinical Updates in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (Concussion)
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects> 3 million people in the United States annually. Although the number of deaths related to severe TBIs has stabalized, mild TBIs, often termed concussions, are increasing. As evidence indicates that a significant proportion of these mild injuries are associated with long-lasting functional deficits that impact work performance, social integration, and may predispose to later cognitive decline, it is important that we (a) recognize these injuries, (b) identify those at highest risk of poor recovery, and (c) initiate appropriate treatments promptly. We discuss the epidemiology of TBI, the ...
Source: Neuroimaging Clinics - February 4, 2023 Category: Radiology Authors: Megan Moore, Danielle K. Sandsmark Source Type: research
The Changing Epidemiology of Central Nervous System Infection
This article reviews the changing global disease patterns, as well as zoonotic outbreaks of henipaviruses, coronaviruses, and other emerging, reemerging, and vector-borne organisms; case examples highlight typical imaging features of CNS infections and their mimics. Technical advances in neuroimaging help to enhance the value of radiologists to the multidisciplinary team and the responses to future pandemic preparation. (Source: Neuroimaging Clinics)
Source: Neuroimaging Clinics - November 18, 2022 Category: Radiology Authors: Brenda Sze Peng Ang, Thirugnanam Umapathi, Tchoyoson Lim Source Type: research
Neuroimaging Patterns of Intracranial Infections
Neuroimaging provides rapid, noninvasive visualization of central nervous system infections for optimal diagnosis and management. Generalizable and characteristic imaging patterns help radiologists distinguish different types of intracranial infections including meningitis and cerebritis from a variety of bacterial, viral, fungal, and/or parasitic causes. Here, we describe key radiologic patterns of meningeal enhancement and diffusion restriction through profiles of meningitis, cerebritis, abscess, and ventriculitis. We discuss various imaging modalities and recent diagnostic advances such as deep learning through a surv...
Source: Neuroimaging Clinics - November 18, 2022 Category: Radiology Authors: Michael Tran Duong, Jeffrey D. Rudie, Suyash Mohan Source Type: research
Structured Imaging Approach for Viral Encephalitis
MR imaging is essential in diagnosing viral encephalitis. Clinical features, cerebrospinal fluid analysis and pathogen confirmation by polymerase chain reaction can be supported by assessing imaging features. MR imaging patterns with typical locations can identify pathogens such as temporal lobe for herpes simplex virus type 1; bilateral thalami for Japanese encephalitis and influenza virus ; and brainstem for enterovirus and rabies. In this article, we have reviewed representative viral encephalitis and its MR imaging patterns. In addition, we also presented acute viral encephalitis without typical MR imaging patterns, su...
Source: Neuroimaging Clinics - November 18, 2022 Category: Radiology Authors: Norlisah Mohd Ramli, Yun Jung Bae Source Type: research
Imaging of Uncommon Bacterial, Rickettsia, Spirochete, and Fungal Infections
This article reviews uncommon bacterial (brucellosis, actinomycosis, neuromelioidosis, nocardiosis, whipple disease, and listeriosis), Rickettsia, spirochete (neurosyphilis and Lyme disease), and fungal (mucormycosis, aspergillosis, candidiasis, cryptococcosis, and Cladophialophora bantiana) diseases affecting central nervous system (CNS), focusing primarily on their cranial manifestations. These infections often show a variety of neuroimaging features that may be similar or differ from typical pyogenic bacterial meningitis and abscess. Familiarity with these patterns is essential for timely recognition and initiation of a...
Source: Neuroimaging Clinics - November 18, 2022 Category: Radiology Authors: Jitender Saini, Shilpa S. Sankhe, Aleum Lee Source Type: research
Central Nervous System Mycobacterium Infection
This article presents an extensive review of pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, typical and atypical imaging appearances of intracranial and spinal tuberculosis, and advanced imaging of intracranial tuberculosis. Furthermore, we explore central nervous system infection of nontuberculous mycobacteria and leprosy and their imaging findings. (Source: Neuroimaging Clinics)
Source: Neuroimaging Clinics - November 18, 2022 Category: Radiology Authors: Mina Park, Rakesh K. Gupta Source Type: research
Imaging of Central Nervous System Parasitic Infections
Parasitic infections of the central nervous system (CNS) constitute a wide range of diseases, some quite prevalent across the world, some exceedingly rare. Causative parasites can be divided into two groups: unicellular protozoa and multicellular helminthic worms. This includes diseases such as neurotoxoplasmosis and neurocysticercosis, which represent a major cause of pathology among certain populations, and some more uncommon diseases, as primary amebic meningoencephalitis and neuroschistosomiasis. In this review, we focus on imaging manifestation and some helpful clinical and epidemiologic features of such conditions, p...
Source: Neuroimaging Clinics - November 18, 2022 Category: Radiology Authors: Thiago Augusto Vasconcelos Miranda, Kazuhiro Tsuchiya, Leandro Tavares Lucato Source Type: research
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection causes substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has changed the epidemiology of HIV in the last 20 years with increased survival and decreasing incidence of opportunistic infections (OI), CNS OI remain a major cause of morbidity. Improved survival has also increased neurological presentations due to co morbid conditions, treatment related side effects and inflammatory syndromes. Being familiar with the imaging findings, the impact of ART and interpretation of imaging in the context of clinical and laboratory findings is important for r...
Source: Neuroimaging Clinics - November 18, 2022 Category: Radiology Authors: Rekha Siripurapu, Yoshiaki Ota Source Type: research
