Novel Roles of Necroptosis Mediator Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 3 in Kidney Injury
Necroptosis is a programmed cell death that is characterized by regulated necrosis resulting in plasma membrane rupture and subsequent release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) is a key mediator of this pathway. Accumulating evidence supports a critical role of RIPK3 and the necroptosis pathway in various human diseases. In this review, we discuss recent investigations that have uncovered pathogenic roles of RIPK3 in both acute kidney injury (AKI) and kidney fibrosis. RIPK3 promotes kidney tubular injury via a mechanism involving mitochondrial dysfunction. Additi...
Source: Nephron - July 20, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Source Type: research
Sweeping Up Dying Cells during Tissue Injury
Various forms of cell death have been identified, and billions of cells die during development and daily in adult organisms. Clearing dead cells and associated cellular debris is an integral part of tissue homeostasis. While diverse types of phagocytes remove various forms of dying cells during acute kidney injury (AKI), it remains unknown whether boosting removal of a specific form of dying cell would provide a benefit and which cell type should be targeted for phagocytosis-mediated therapy. As there is a lack of viable strategies for the prevention and treatment of AKI, novel therapies and innovative approaches are requi...
Source: Nephron - July 20, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Source Type: research
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 Regulation and Acute Kidney Injury
Elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels are markers and potential mediators, of adverse outcomes in acute kidney injury (AKI). We recently identified glycerol-3-phosphate (G-3-P), a glycolysis byproduct, as a kidney-derived factor that circulates to bone and bone marrow and triggers FGF23 production in ischemic AKI. This kidney-to-bone signaling axis was further shown to require the conversion of G-3-P to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in bone marrow, followed by LPA signaling through the LPAR1 receptor. These findings highlight discrete steps potentially amenable to therapeutic targeting in conditions of FGF23 ex...
Source: Nephron - July 20, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Source Type: research
AA Amyloidosis in the Course of HIV Infection: A Report of 19 Cases Including 4 New French Cases and a Comprehensive Review of Literature
Conclusions: AA Amyloidosis is a rare condition in HIV patients with common renal involvement and significant risk of progression to chronic renal insufficiency. Because of the frequency related to other inflammatory conditions in this population, HIV is probably not an independent risk factor for AA amyloidosis.Nephron (Source: Nephron)
Source: Nephron - July 15, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Source Type: research
Pretransplant Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment in Older Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease
Conclusions: Understanding the burden of geriatric impairment provides an opportunity to direct KT decision-making and to guide interventions to prevent functional decline and preserve quality of life.Nephron (Source: Nephron)
Source: Nephron - July 14, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Source Type: research
Understudied G Protein-Coupled Receptors in the Kidney
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are cell surface proteins which play a key role in allowing cells, tissues, and organs to respond to changes in the external environment in order to maintain homeostasis. Despite the fact that GPCRs are known to play key roles in a variety of tissues, there are a large subset of GPCRs that remain poorly studied. In this minireview, we will summarize what is known regarding the “understudied” GPCRs with respect to renal function, and in so doing will highlight the promise represented by studying this gene family.Nephron (Source: Nephron)
Source: Nephron - July 14, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Source Type: research
Rhabdomyolysis, Acute Kidney Injury, and a Novel Frameshift Mutation in a Child with Glutaric Acidemia Type I
This is a case report of a girl with glutaric acidemia type I (GA-I) who experienced rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury (AKI). Her first acute metabolic crisis occurred at the age of 5 months, which mainly manifested as irritable crying, poor appetite, and hyperlactatemia. Mutation analysis showed 2 pathogenic mutations in the glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) gene, which were c.383G#x3e;A (p.R128Q) and c.873delC (p.N291Kfs*41), the latter of which is a novel frameshift mutation of GA-I. She had a febrile illness at the age of 12 months, followed by AKI and severe rhabdomyolysis. Four days of continuous venovenous hemo...
Source: Nephron - July 9, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Source Type: research
Secondary Oxalate Nephropathy: Causes and Clinicopathological Characteristics of a Case Series
Conclusions: In this case series of secondary OxN, the most common cause was iatrogenic medication, and it presented with AKI or ACKD. Half of the patients required renal replacement therapy, and in most of them, the renal function was reversible. Renal biopsy played an important role in diagnosis and prognosis evaluation.Nephron (Source: Nephron)
Source: Nephron - July 8, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Source Type: research
Membranous Nephropathy: It Is Time to Go Back to the Future
Context: Membranous nephropathy (MN) is an immune-mediated glomerular disease that can lead to nephrotic syndrome and progressive kidney function loss. The cyclic steroid-cyclophosphamide regimen (the modified Ponticelli protocol) and the monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody rituximab have been advocated as effective therapies to improve renal outcomes, but a direct comparison of these treatments had never been carried out in a prospective study.Subject of Review: Scolari et al. [J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;32:972 –82] recently reported the results of a pilot randomized controlled trial (RI-CYCLO) designed to provide direct estimate...
Source: Nephron - July 5, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Source Type: research
ANCA Vasculitis Recurrence in Hemodialysis Patients: The Role of Rituximab
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-associated vasculitis (AAV) is characterized by systemic inflammation and is the most common cause of new-onset glomerulonephritis in adults older than 50 years. Renal disease secondary to AAV can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD) requiring renal replacement therapy in approximately 20 –25% of patients. Relapses are infrequent in the population on dialysis, and treatment guidelines do not specify these patients. Reports regarding the clinical course, survival, or relapse rate after beginning dialysis are scarce. The authors present 3 cases of CKD patients on hemodialysis who pre s...
Source: Nephron - July 1, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Source Type: research
Relationship between Renal Damage and Serum Complement C3 in Children with Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis
Conclusion: The kidney injury of AAV children with low complement C3 is serious, and the prognosis is poor. We should pay attention to the influence of decreased complement C3 on the condition and prognosis of AAV children.Nephron (Source: Nephron)
Source: Nephron - July 1, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Source Type: research
Epidemiology of Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis: A Study Using Linked UK Primary Care and Hospital Data
Conclusion: The study provides new estimates of dRTA prevalence in Europe and suggests that patients may often be unreported or miscoded, potentially confounding appropriate disease management.Nephron (Source: Nephron)
Source: Nephron - July 1, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Source Type: research
Evaluation of Renal Oxygenation and Hemodynamics in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease by Blood Oxygenation Level-dependent Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Intrarenal Doppler Ultrasonography
Conclusions: Renal oxygenation and blood flow velocities were found declined as the CKD stage progressed. The BOLD-MRI and IDU techniques may have clinical value by measuring intrarenal oxygenation and renal blood perfusion to judge the severity of renal damage in patients with CKD.Nephron (Source: Nephron)
Source: Nephron - June 28, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Source Type: research
Defining AKD: The Spectrum of AKI, AKD, and CKD
Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines address the definition, classification, and management of acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In practice, some clinical presentations of acute kidney diseases and disorders (AKD) do not meet the criteria for AKI or CKD. In principle, these presentations may be caused by the same diseases that cause AKI or CKD, which could be detected, evaluated, and treated before they evolve to AKI or CKD. In 2020, KDIGO convened a consensus conference to review recent evidence on the epidemiology of AKD and harmonize the definition and classification of ...
Source: Nephron - June 24, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Source Type: research
Metabolism as Disease Tolerance: Implications for Sepsis-Associated Acute Kidney Injury
Sepsis is a significant cause for mortality among critically ill patients. Metabolic derangements that develop in sepsis are often considered to be pathologic, contributing to sepsis morbidity and mortality. However, alterations in metabolism during sepsis are multifaceted and are incompletely understood. Acute anorexia during infection is an evolutionarily conserved response, suggesting a potential protective role of anorexia in the host response to infection. In animal models of bacterial inflammation, fasting metabolic programs associated with acute anorexia such as those regulated by fibroblast growth factor 21 and ket...
Source: Nephron - June 23, 2021 Category: Urology & Nephrology Source Type: research
