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Chronicity following ischaemia-reperfusion injury depends on tubular-macrophage crosstalk involving two tubular cell-derived CSF-1R activators: CSF-1 and IL-34
Two structurally unrelated ligands activate the macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor (CSF-1R, c-fms, CD115): M-CSF/CSF-1 and interleukin-34 (IL-34). Both ligands promote macrophage proliferation, survival and differentiation. IL-34 also activates the protein-tyrosine phosphatase receptor (PTP-, PTPRZ1). Both receptors and cytokines are increased during acute kidney injury. While tubular cell-derived CSF-1 is required for kidney repair, Baek et al. (J Clin Invest 2015; 125: 3198–3214) have now identified tubular epithelial cell-derived IL-34 as a promoter of kidney neutrophil and macrophage infiltration and t...
Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation - September 1, 2016 Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Sanchez-Nino, M. D., Sanz, A. B., Ortiz, A. Tags: REVIEWS - BASIC SCIENCE AND TRANSLATIONAL NEPHROLOGY Source Type: research

Moderator's view: Salt, cardiovascular risk, observational research and recommendations for clinical practice
In observational studies, blood pressure (BP), cholesterol and nutritional status biomarkers, including sodium intake, coherently show a J- or U-shaped relationship with health outcomes. Yet these data may reflect a stable sodium intake or a reduced intake due to comorbidities or intercurrent disease, or an intentional decrease in salt intake. Adjusting for comorbidities and risk factors may fail to eliminate confounding. For cholesterol and BP, we base our recommendations for prevention and treatment on interventional (experimental) studies. For sodium, we lack the perfect large-scale trial we would need, but substantial ...
Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation - September 1, 2016 Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Zoccali, C., Mallamaci, F. Tags: POLAR VIEWS IN NEPHROLOGY Source Type: research

Opponent's comments
(Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation)
Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation - September 1, 2016 Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Cappuccio, F. P. Tags: POLAR VIEWS IN NEPHROLOGY Source Type: research

Con: Reducing salt intake at the population level: is it really a public health priority?
Scientific evidence to support the recommended salt intake of < 5.8 g/day is virtually non-existingent. There are no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to investigate the effect of salt reduction (SR) below 5.8 g on health outcomes. The effect of SR on blood pressure (BP) reaches maximal efficacy at 1 week. RCTs in healthy individuals lasting at least 1 week show that the effect of SR on BP is <1 mmHg, but that SR has significant side effects, including increases in renin, aldosterone, noradrenalin, adrenalin, cholesterol and triglyceride. Still, disregarding confounders and side effects, health authorities use BP e...
Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation - September 1, 2016 Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Graudal, N. Tags: POLAR VIEWS IN NEPHROLOGY Source Type: research

Opponent's comments
(Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation)
Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation - September 1, 2016 Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Graudal, N. Tags: POLAR VIEWS IN NEPHROLOGY Source Type: research

Pro: Reducing salt intake at population level: is it really a public health priority?
A reduction in salt intake reduces blood pressure, stroke and other cardiovascular events, including chronic kidney disease, by as much as 23% (i.e. 1.25 million deaths worldwide). It is effective in both genders, any age, ethnic group, and in high-, medium- and low-income countries. Population salt reduction programmes are both feasible and effective (preventive imperative). Salt reduction programmes are cost-saving in all settings (high-, middle- and low-income countries) (economic imperative). Public health policies are powerful, rapid, equitable and cost-saving (political imperative). The important shift in public heal...
Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation - September 1, 2016 Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Cappuccio, F. P. Tags: POLAR VIEWS IN NEPHROLOGY Source Type: research

The blood pressure-salt sensitivity paradigm: pathophysiologically sound yet of no practical value
Sodium plays an important pathophysiological role in blood pressure (BP) values and in the development of hypertension, and epidemiological studies such as the Intersalt Study have shown that the increase in BP occurring with age is determined by salt intake. Recently, a meta-analysis of 13 prospective studies has also shown the close relationship between excess sodium intake and higher risk of stroke and total cardiovascular events. However, the BP response to changing salt intake displayed a marked variability, as first suggested by Kawasaki et al. (The effect of high-sodium and low-sodium intakes on blood pressure and o...
Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation - September 1, 2016 Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Galletti, F., Strazzullo, P. Tags: NDT PERSPECTIVES Source Type: research

Causality at the dawn of the 'omics era in medicine and in nephrology
Causality is a core concept in medicine. The quantitative determinacy characterizing today's biomedical science is unprecedented. The assessment of causal relations in human diseases is evolving, and it is therefore fundamental to keep up with the steady pace of theoretical and technological advancements. The exact specification of all causes of pathologies at the individual level, precision medicine, is expected to allow the complete eradication of disease. In this article, we discuss the various conceptualizations of causation that are at play in the context of randomized clinical trials and observational studies. Genomi...
Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation - September 1, 2016 Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Zoccali, C., Brancaccio, D., Nathan, M. J. Tags: IDEAS, CONJECTURES AND REFUTATIONS Source Type: research

Indirect estimation of nephron number: a new tool to predict outcomes in renal transplantation?
(Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation)
Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation - September 1, 2016 Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Puelles, V. G., Kanzaki, G., Bertram, J. F. Tags: IN FOCUS Source Type: research

Kidney transplantation due to medical urgency: time for reconsideration?
(Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation)
Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation - September 1, 2016 Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Sever, M. S., Goral, S. Tags: IN FOCUS Source Type: research

Urinary biomarkers to predict CKD: is the future in multi-marker panels?
(Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation)
Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation - September 1, 2016 Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Pontillo, C., Mischak, H. Tags: IN FOCUS Source Type: research

Control of albuminuria in overt diabetic nephropathy: durability counts
(Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation)
Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation - September 1, 2016 Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Glassock, R. J. Tags: IN FOCUS Source Type: research

Screening for vascular calcification in incident dialysis patients is not systematically performed
(Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation)
Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation - July 31, 2016 Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Mohun, S., Urena, P., Prie, D., Daugas, E., Foque, D. Tags: ERRATUM Source Type: research

Announcements
(Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation)
Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation - July 31, 2016 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: Announcements Source Type: research

Immunosuppression with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor and incidence of post-transplant cancer in kidney transplant recipients
Conclusions De novo mTOR inhibition was associated with a substantially and significantly reduced risk of basal cell carcinoma of the skin after kidney transplantation. A significant reduction of the incidence of other cancers was not found. (Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation)
Source: Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation - July 31, 2016 Category: Urology & Nephrology Authors: Opelz, G., Unterrainer, C., Süsal, C., Döhler, B. Tags: Renal Transplantation Source Type: research