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Proton and Multinuclear Spectroscopy of the Pediatric Brain
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a valuable adjunct to structural brain imaging. State-of-the-art MRS has benefited greatly from recent technical advancements. Neurometabolic alterations in pediatric brain diseases have implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Herein, the authors discuss MRS technical considerations and applications in the setting of various pediatric disease processes including tumors, metabolic diseases, hypoxic/ischemic encephalopathy/stroke, epilepsy, demyelinating disease, and infection. (Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America)
Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America - October 28, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Matthew T. Whitehead, Stefan Bluml Source Type: research

Fetal Neuroimaging Updates
MR imaging is used in conjunction with ultrasound screening for fetal brain abnormalities because it offers better contrast, higher resolution, and has multiplanar capabilities that increase the accuracy and confidence of diagnosis. Fetal motion still severely limits the MR imaging sequences that can be acquired. We outline the current acquisition strategies for fetal brain MR imaging and discuss the near term advances that will improve its reliability. Prospective and retrospective motion correction aim to make the complement of MR neuroimaging modalities available for fetal diagnosis, improve the performance of existing ...
Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America - October 28, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Jeffrey N. Stout, M. Alejandra Bedoya, P. Ellen Grant, Judy A. Estroff Source Type: research

Ultrashort Echo-Time MR Imaging of the Pediatric Head and Neck
Bone MR imaging techniques use extremely rapid echo times to maximize detection of short-T2 tissues with low water concentrations. The major approaches used in clinical practice are ultrashort echo-time and zero echo-time. Synthetic CT generation is feasible using atlas-based, voxel-based, and deep learning approaches. Major clinical applications in the pediatric head and neck include evaluation for craniosynostosis, sinonasal and jaw imaging, trauma, interventional planning, and postoperative follow-up. In this article, we review the technical background and practical usefulness of bone MR imaging with key imaging example...
Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America - October 28, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Naoharu Kobayashi, Sven Bambach, Mai-Lan Ho Source Type: research

Vessel Wall MR Imaging in the Pediatric Head and Neck
Vessel wall MR imaging (VWI) is a technique that progressively has gained traction in clinical diagnostic applications for evaluation of intracranial and extracranial vasculopathies, with increasing use in pediatric populations. The technique has shown promise in detection, differentiation, and characterization of both inflammatory and noninflammatory vasculopathies. In this article, optimal techniques for intracranial and extracranial VWI as well as applications and value for pediatric vascular disease evaluation are discussed. (Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America)
Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America - October 28, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Mahmud Mossa-Basha, Chengcheng Zhu, Lei Wu Source Type: research

Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting of the Pediatric Brain
Magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) is increasingly being used to evaluate brain development and differentiate normal and pathologic tissues in children. MRF can provide reliable and accurate intrinsic tissue properties, such as T1 and T2 relaxation times. MRF is a powerful tool in evaluating brain disease in pediatric population. MRF is a new quantitative MR imaging technique for rapid and simultaneous quantification of multiple tissue properties. (Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America)
Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America - October 28, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Sheng-Che Hung, Yong Chen, Pew-Thian Yap, Weili Lin Source Type: research

Magnetic Resonance Elastography of the Brain
Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is an emerging noninvasive technique, an alternative to palpation for quantitative assessment of biomechanical properties of tissue. In MRE, tissue stiffness information is obtained by a 3-step process, propagating mechanical waves in the tissues, measuring the wave propagation using modified magnetic resonance (MR) pulse sequences, and generating the quantitative stiffness maps from the MR images. MRE is clinically used in patients with liver diseases, whereas its applications in other organs are still being investigated. At present, the pediatric studies are in the initial stage and ...
Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America - October 28, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Manjunathan Nanjappa, Arunark Kolipaka Source Type: research

Amide Proton Transfer –Weighted MR Imaging of Pediatric Central Nervous System Diseases
Amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) imaging is a molecular MR imaging technique that can detect the concentration of the amide protons in mobile cellular proteins and peptides or a pH change in  vivo. Previous studies have indicated that APTw MR imaging can be used to detect malignant brain tumors, stroke, and other neurologic diseases, although the clinical application in pediatric patients remains limited. The authors briefly introduce the basic principles of APTw imaging. Then, they re view early clinical applications of this approach to pediatric central nervous system diseases, including pediatric brain development...
Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America - October 28, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Hong Zhang, Jinyuan Zhou, Yun Peng Source Type: research

Ultra-High-Field Imaging of the Pediatric Brain and Spinal Cord
Neuroimaging with ultra-high field magnets ( ≥7T) provides superior signal-to-noise, spatial resolution and tissue contrast; but also greater safety concerns, longer scanning times, and increased distortion and field inhomogeneity. Brain and spinal cord anatomic microstructure and function imaged in greater detail offers improved lesion dete ction, delineation, and characterization. The ongoing development of novel imaging contrasts and translation of cutting-edge sequences will aid more accurate, sensitive, and precise diagnosis, interventional planning, and follow-up for a variety of pathologic conditions. (Source: Mag...
Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America - October 28, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Dinesh Kumar Deelchand, Mai-Lan Ho, Igor Nestrasil Source Type: research

3D Modeling and Advanced Visualization of the Pediatric Brain, Neck, and Spine
We describe how radiologists can tailor imaging techniques for optimal 3D reconstructions provide a brief overview of the standard and newer “on-screen” techniques. We describe the process of creating 3D printed models for surgical simulation and education, with examples from the authors' institution and the existing literature. Finally, the review highlights current uses and potential future use cases for virtual reality and augment ed reality applications in a pediatric neuroimaging setting. (Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America)
Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America - October 28, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Sanjay P. Prabhu Source Type: research

Advanced Pediatric Neuroimaging: “Better, Stronger, Faster”
Pediatric neuroimaging is a fascinating discipline that combines human neuroanatomy and neurodevelopment with ongoing advances in imaging hardware and software. Our understanding of embryology, genomics, and disease pathogenesis continues to evolve amid an ever-expanding array of available imaging technologies. Advanced MR imaging techniques can serve as noninvasive biomarkers of microstructural, functional, and metabolic changes in normal development as well as in disease processes. Many MR imaging sequences are well established for adult clinical and translational neuroimaging applications. (Source: Magnetic Resonance Im...
Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America - October 28, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Mai-Lan Ho Tags: Preface Source Type: research

Foreword
I have always found pediatric neuroimaging one of the most daunting yet rewarding specialties of neuroradiology. Although my passion is head and neck imaging, I have always had a certain affinity toward anything involving children since I have been married to a pediatrician for almost 30 years! (Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America)
Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America - October 28, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Suresh K. Mukherji Source Type: research

Pediatric Neuroimaging: State-of-the-Art
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA (Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America)
Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America - October 28, 2021 Category: Radiology Authors: Mai-Lan Ho Source Type: research

Copyright
ELSEVIER (Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America)
Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America - October 28, 2021 Category: Radiology Source Type: research

Contributors
SURESH K. MUKHERJI, MD, MBA, FACR (Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America)
Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America - October 28, 2021 Category: Radiology Source Type: research

Contents
Suresh K. Mukherji (Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America)
Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America - October 28, 2021 Category: Radiology Source Type: research