Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.

Comparison of the Effect of Cycloplegia on Astigmatism Measurements in a Pediatric Amblyopic Population: A Prospective Study
Amblyopia affects 2% to 5% of all children. The key to management is early detection and treatment, which often includes spectacle correction of refractive error. Autorefractors are frequently used to obtain objective measurement of refractive error. Autorefraction is automated retinoscopy that determines the refractive error of each eye. This instrument is particularly useful when evaluating pediatric patients due to difficulty in obtaining reliable information from subjective refraction or retinoscopy. Kemper et al.1 determined that, for children ages 3 to 5 years, the sensitivity and (Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophtha...
Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus - June 19, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Sunali Goyal, MD Source Type: research

Implementation of a Clinical Prediction Model Using Daily Postnatal Weight Gain, Birth Weight, and Gestational Age to Risk Stratify ROP
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a disease of the developing retinal vasculature of preterm infants and a significant treatable cause of blindness in children.1 –4 With timely detection, ROP is often treatable with laser ablation treatment and, in some cases, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody intravitreal bevacizumab injections.5–7 Given the high risk of ROP and improvement in outcomes with early treatment, screening for ROP has been wide ly adopted as a mainstay of neonatal care. Current ROP screening guidelines are based on a simple clinical prediction model consisting of two (Source: Journal of Ped...
Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus - June 19, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Kortany McCauley, MD Source Type: research

Laser Pointer –Induced Maculopathy: More Than Meets the Eye
Laser pointers or pens are small handheld devices with a power source and a laser diode that emit a narrow coherent low-powered beam, which are intended to be used to highlight an object of interest with a small bright colored light.1 The Code of Federal Regulations, overseen by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Center for Devices and Radiological Health, categorizes lasers from Class I to IV.2 Most commercially available laser pointers fall into Class IIIA ( (Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus)
Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus - June 19, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Kamal Mtanes, MD Source Type: research

Long-term Outcomes After Same Amount of Bilateral Rectus Muscle Recession for Intermittent Exotropia With the Same Angle of Deviation
Intermittent exotropia is the most prevalent form of childhood exotropia.1 Potential factors influencing surgical outcomes in cases of intermittent exotropia include age of onset,2,3 time of surgery,2 –6 surgery type,7 refractive error,8,9 stereopsis,10 preoperative angle of deviation,8,9,11–13 and postoperative overcorrection.2,10,14–19 However, other studies have reported that no specific single factor influences intermittent exotropia surgical results.20 Surgical outcomes of intermittent exotropia vary according to the researchers' definitions of success and follow-up duration.21,22 (Source: Journal of Pediatric O...
Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus - June 19, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Haeng-Jin Lee, MD, PhD Source Type: research

One-Muscle Strabismus Surgery: A Review
Classic treatment for exotropia is bilateral lateral rectus recession or recession of the lateral rectus muscle along with resection of the ipsilateral medial rectus muscle. A similar process for esotropia is usually either a bilateral recession or a recession and resection. Unilateral rectus muscle surgery has been reported in the literature1 –28 and many of these studies show that this procedure is safe and equally effective in small to moderate deviations. However, many surgeons do not perform this surgery because of a concern of incomitance and undercorrection. This review focuses on (Source: Journal of Pediatric Oph...
Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus - June 19, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Jake Gurland, MD Source Type: research

Immediate Postoperative Alignment Following Bimedial Rectus Recession for Esotropia in Children Compared to Adults
Strabismus, a common disorder of ocular alignment, affects up to 4% of children and a similar proportion of adults.1 –3 Esodeviations predominate, especially among children in Western populations, for which strabismus surgery is commonly recommended.1 The success of strabismus surgery can often be gauged by the immediate postoperative angle of deviation. For example, surgery for intermittent exotropia is more li kely to be successful if the immediate postoperative angle of deviation is 5 to 10 prism diopters (PD) of esotropia.4,5 Literature regarding the ideal immediate postoperative alignment (Source: Journal of Pediatr...
Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus - June 19, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Mohamed B. Hassan, MD Source Type: research

An Exciting Couple
Contraction of skeletal muscle is an exquisitely orchestrated process that has been studied at the molecular level for more than 80 years. Although the contractile protein machinery is understood in detail, excitation, contraction, and many muscle pathologies also require understanding the critical roles of membrane systems (Figure 1). Figure 1. Steps in skeletal muscle excitation, contraction and E-C coupling. Ach = acetylcholine; Ry = ryanodine; DHP = dihydropyridine The firing of motor nerves originating from the brain or spinal cord initiates a contraction. An action potential from a single (Source: Journal of Pediatri...
Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus - May 29, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Frederick M. Wang, MD Source Type: research

A Comparison of Three Different Photoscreeners in Children
Amblyopia may cause an inevitable loss of vision unless it is detected and treated during childhood.1 Correct measurement of the refractive defect is important in terms of the prevention of amblyopia. Various methods are used for this purpose, such as photorefractometers, handheld autorefractometers, cycloplegic retinoscopy, and visual-evoked responses.2 The gold standard for diagnosing refractive errors in children is cycloplegic refraction.3 However, pediatric refractive problems can be difficult to assess, even for an experienced ophthalmologist, and solutions are limited to applied (Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthal...
Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus - May 29, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Kuddusi Teberik, MD Source Type: research

Wrong-Site Surgery in Pediatric Ophthalmology
Wrong-site surgery continues to occur despite extensive efforts to understand the root causes and apply surgical safety protocols.1 –6 Wrong-site surgery is defined as surgery on the wrong patient or site, the wrong procedure, or the use of the wrong implant.4 These errors represent a preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in our health care system. The Universal Protocol, implemented in July 2004 by the Joint Commission, sought to prevent these errors. The protocol includes three distinct parts: preoperative verification, surgical site marking, and time-out immediately prior to (Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophtha...
Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus - May 29, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Lauren Maloley, MD Source Type: research

Critical Assessment of an Ocular Photoscreener
Amblyopia is categorized as a neurologic defect in vision that has a 1.6% to 3.6% prevalence in the general population.1,2 The World Health Organization classifies amblyopia as a disorder that meets screening criteria based on the benefits and affordability of its treatment.1 The American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of Ophthalmology, and the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force also recommend careful evaluation of the visual system in young children.3 –5 Although no consensus exists on the preferred and most efficacious screening protocol,6 deliberate screening in developed (Source: Journal of Pediatric ...
Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus - May 29, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Thomas Williams, BS Source Type: research

Assessment of an Advanced Vision Screener in the Detection of Amblyopia in the Nebraska Pediatric Population
Amblyopia is the most common visual deficit in children, with a prevalence of approximately 4%,1 and is defined as a functional reduction in the visual acuity of an eye caused by disuse or misuse during the critical period of visual development. Normal vision cannot develop if there is monocular deprivation. This is commonly caused by strabismus, unequal refractive errors (anisometropia), or deprivation of visual stimulation due to anatomical anomalies such as cataract, ptosis, or eyelid hemangioma. If the interference is not corrected within the sensitive period, usually between the ages of (Source: Journal of Pediatric O...
Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus - May 29, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Mary Haschke, MD Source Type: research

Visual Development During the Second Decade of Life in Albinism
Albinism, a genetic disorder of impaired melanin biosynthesis, is classified according to the mutation(s) on a gene known to cause albinism.1 A rare condition, albinism occurs in approximately 0.005% of the world's population2 and, in most of these cases, causes significant visual impairment, which can be the most debilitating aspect of the disorder.3 –5 Although typical best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ranges from 20/100 to 20/400, phenotypic variability in ocular structure and visual function has been demonstrated.6 This phenotypic variability occurs both within and among the different (Source: Journal of Pediatric ...
Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus - May 29, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Brandon K. McCafferty, MD Source Type: research

Strabismus Postoperative Instructions to Patients and Parents
Nelson: We are going to discuss strabismus postoperative instructions to patients and parents. The first case is a 3-year-old boy who had a bilateral medial rectus recession of 5 mm. The family lives 1.5 hours by car from the office. When would you evaluate this patient for his first postoperative examination? Mungan: I typically see patients 1 week after surgery because earlier than that I find they're still too inflamed, so there's not a lot of useful information to be had. Nelson: Do you modify when they return for a visit depending on the distance they live? Mungan: If they can't make it (Source: Journal of Pediatric O...
Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus - May 29, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Megan Collins, MD, MPH Source Type: research

Mitomycin C in Filtering Surgery for Primary Congenital Glaucoma: A Comparison of Exposure Durations
Primary congenital glaucoma is used to describe the rise of intraocular pressure (IOP) that occurs in the first few months of life due to an abnormality in the aqueous outflow pathways.1 It is the most common type of glaucoma in childhood,2 with variable incidences among different populations,3 and is more common and severe in communities with high rates of consanguineous marriages, such as in the Middle East.4 Primary congenital glaucoma is essentially a surgical disease, with treatment options including angle,5 filtering,6 combined angle and filtering,4,7 tube8 surgery, and (Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus)
Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus - May 29, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Nader H. Bayoumi, MD Source Type: research

Effect of Cycloplegia on Optical Biometry in Pediatric Eyes
Ocular biometry refers to the various anatomical measurements of the eye. Accuracy of ocular biometry and intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation are essential for reaching the target refraction after cataract surgery, which is one of the most common ophthalmic surgeries.1,2 Apart from IOL power calculation, ocular biometry provides useful information that contributes to our knowledge and understanding of ocular pharmacokinetics, aqueous humor dynamics, work-up of patients with glaucoma, and planning of refractive surgeries. Optical biometers use infrared light to perform analyses and have (Source: Journal of Pediatric Op...
Source: Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus - May 29, 2018 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Usha K. Raina, MD, FRCOphth Source Type: research